Computational Studies of Nucleophilic Substitution at Nitrogen Center: Reactions of NH2Cl with HO-, CH3O- and C2H5O.

Abstract

The atomic-level mechanisms of the nucleophilic substitution reactions at the nitrogen center (SN2@N) were investigated for the reactions of chloramine (NH2Cl) with the alkoxide ions (RO-, where R=H, CH3, and C2H5) using DFT and MP2 methods. The computed potential energy profiles for the SN2@N pathways involving the back-side attack of the nucleophiles show the typical double-well potential with submerged barriers similar to the SN2 reactions at the carbon center (SN2@C). However, the pre-reaction and post-reaction complexes are, respectively, the N-H⋅⋅⋅O and N-H⋅⋅⋅Cl hydrogen-bonded intermediates, which are different from those generally seen in SN2@C reactions. The SN2@N pathways involving front-side attack of the nucleophiles have high-energy barriers. The potential energy surfaces (PESs) along the proton-transfer pathways were flat. In addition to the proton-transfer and SN2 pathways, we also observed a new path for the methoxide and ethoxide nucleophiles where a hydride-transfer from the nucleophile to chloramine resulted in the products Cl-+R'CHO+NH3, (R'=H, CH3), and was the most exoergic. A comparison of the energetics obtained used different DFT and MP2 methods with that of the benchmark coupled-cluster methods reveals that CAM-B3LYP best describes the PESs.