Compressive Strength of Sustainable Geopolymer Concrete Composites: A State-of-the-Art Review

Hemn Unis Ahmed,Serwan Rafiq,Nadhim Hamah Sor,Ahmed S Mohammed,Shaker M A Qaidi,Azad A Mohammed,Amir Mosavi

doi:10.3390/su132413502

Abstract

The building industry, which emits a significant quantity of greenhouse gases, is under tremendous pressure due to global climate change and its consequences for communities. Given the environmental issues associated with cement production, geopolymer concrete has emerged as a sustainable construction material. Geopolymer concrete is an eco-friendly construction material that uses industrial or agricultural by-product ashes as the principal binder instead of Portland cement. Fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, metakaolin, and palm oil fuel ash were all employed as binders in geopolymer concrete, with fly ash being the most frequent. The most important engineering property for all types of concrete composites, including geopolymer concrete, is the compressive strength. It is influenced by different parameters such as the chemical composition of the binder materials, alkaline liquid to binder ratio, extra water content, superplasticizers dosages, binder content, fine and coarse aggregate content, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate content, the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (molarity), curing temperature, curing durations inside oven, and specimen ages. In order to demonstrate the effects of these varied parameters on the compressive strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, a comprehensive dataset of 800 samples was gathered and analyzed. According to the findings, the curing temperature, sodium silicate content, and alkaline solution to binder ratio are the most significant independent parameters influencing the compressive strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FA-BGPC) composites.

Highlights

It is well known that the production of Portland cement necessitates a significant amount of energy and, at the same time, contributes to the release of a large amount of total carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, both directly and indirectly [1]
A wealth of information is available in the literature about geopolymer concrete with various source binder materials such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), rice husk ash (RHA), silica fume (SF), MK, red mud (RM), etc
Placed thedays, portion of coarsebut granite aggregate the geopolymer concrete mixtures with. These findings suggest that the granite slurry acts as a filling agent, filling the voids and limestone 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%

Summary

Introduction

It is well known that the production of Portland cement necessitates a significant amount of energy and, at the same time, contributes to the release of a large amount of total carbon dioxide (around 7%) into the atmosphere, both directly and indirectly [1]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13502 addition, one ton of cement requires around 2.8 tons of raw materials; this is a resourcedepleting process that consumes a vast number of natural resources such as limestone and shale for the manufacturing of cement clinkers [4]. The concrete industry that consumes a vast number of natural resources such as limestone and shale for the requires around one trillion liters of mixing water every year [5]. The concrete industry requires around steel manufacturing, the cement sector is the most energy-intensive construction material one trillion liters of mixing water every year [5]. Each ton of cement produced in a typical cement factory consumes the cement sector is the most energy-intensive construction material in the same lines. On the other hand, cement-based concrete is still the ton of cement produced in a typical cement factory consumes roughly 110–120 kWh [6]

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Conclusion