Abstract
The non-uniformly distributed calcareous concretion among the oil shale in the Junggar basin of China has led to the difficulty in achieving the slope stability. This paper presents the numerical simulation of the behavior of oil shale with calcareous concretion via the Particle Flow Code (PFC2D) program based on the trial experimental test results. The critical parameters investigated in this research covered the size, distribution, strength, and number of the calcareous concretion. The following conclusions can be drawn based on the discussions and analysis: (1) the hard concretion always results in the high compressive strength of the specimen compared with that without concretion; (2) when the radius of the concretion size raised from 2.5 mm to 20 mm, the peak strength of tested specimens is approximately 50 MPa, whereas, the specimen with large concretion is much more ductile under compression; (3) the compressive behavior of tested specimens is similar even when the position of the concretion is variable; and (4) different from the specimens with only one concretion, these specimens contained two concretions featured with the double “X” failure mode. Meanwhile, the peak strength of the specimens with two hard concretions is about 2.5 times that of its counterparts with two soft concretions. The numerical simulation results are meaningful in guiding the design and analysis of the oil shale slope with the concretion.
Highlights
As one of the largest deposited unconventional shales around the world, oil shale drew much attention either from the government or the industry in the past several decades [1,2,3,4].How to excavate vast deposited oil shale effectively and cost-effectively is believed to be the huge challenge for most countries [5]
Different from these methods currently adopted by operators [6,7], it has been demonstrated that open-pit mining is the first choice for these zones with shallow depth
A total of 21 PFC2D models were established to investigate the effect of concretion on the behavior of oil shale
Summary
As one of the largest deposited unconventional shales around the world, oil shale drew much attention either from the government or the industry in the past several decades [1,2,3,4]. Proposed the new terial in the reproduction of the rock mass with concretions further, Zhu, Li et al proposed experimental design program In their specimens were drilled from the the new experimental design [20]. There is no direct‐related research, either in terms of the experimental tests or the numerical simulation, was conducted to explore the influence of concretions on the or the numerical simulation, was conducted to explore the influence of concretions on the behavior of oil shale, the existence of concretions in oil shale has drawn much behavior of oil shale, the existence of concretions in oil shale has drawn much attention, in for mining operators. Ing compressive behavior offrom oil shale concretions provide the Thethe main conclusions obtained this containing research will be benefit and to researchers in reference obtain‐. For the cost‐effective excavation and control the stability of oil shale slope
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