Abstract
Betula platyphylla Suk (birch) is a fast-growing woody species that is important in pulp industries and the biofuels. However, as an important pulp species, few studies had been performed on its wood formation. In the present study, we investigated the molecular responses of birch xylem to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli. After trunks of birch trees were subjected to bending for 8 weeks, the cellulose content was significantly greater in tension wood (TW) than in opposite wood (OW) or normal wood (NW), whereas the lignin content in TW was significantly lower than that in OW and NW. In addition, TW grew more rapidly than OW and generated TW-specific fibers with an additional G-layer. Three transcriptome libraries were constructed from TW, OW and NW of B. platyphylla, respectively, after the plants were subjected to artificial bending. Overall, 80,909 nonredundant unigenes with a mean size of 768 nt were assembled. Expression profiles were generated, and 9,684 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed among the TW, OW and NW libraries. These included genes involved in secondary cell wall structure, wood composition, and cellulose or lignin biosynthesis. Our study showed that during TW formation, genes involved in cellulose synthesis were induced, while the expression of lignin synthesis-related genes decreased, resulting in increased cellulose content and decreased lignin levels in TW. In addition, fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins play important role in TW formation. These findings may provide important insights into wood formation at the molecular level.
Highlights
Trees are subjected to various constraints during development, including environmental constraints such as soil instability and damage caused by the actions of wind or snow, as well as biological constraints, which induce gravitropic and phototropic responses
The presence of a Glayer in tension wood (TW) results in the higher cellulose content and lower proportion of lignin found in TW compared with opposite wood (OW) or normal wood (NW)
As genes that are expressed early in the formation of reaction wood may significantly influence the subsequent quality of the wood, we examined the transcriptomes of TW, OW and NW in B. platyphylla subjected to bending for 2 weeks
Summary
Trees are subjected to various constraints during development, including environmental constraints such as soil instability and damage caused by the actions of wind or snow, as well as biological constraints (such as limited light), which induce gravitropic and phototropic responses. To remain upright under adverse conditions, angiosperms have developed specialized wood tissue called tension wood (TW), which is formed in response to gravity. There are two major methods for artificially inducing the formation of tension wood, including bending the stem into a loop (extreme induction) and bending a stem using an immobile support. Both TW and opposite wood (OW) are generated with gravitropic stimuli, mechanical stimuli or both [2]. The presence of a Glayer in TW results in the higher cellulose content and lower proportion of lignin found in TW compared with OW or NW. The formation of OW is either strongly retarded or completely inhibited
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