Abstract
The Asian world is home to a multitude of venomous and dangerous snakes, which are used to induce various medical effects in the preparation of traditional snake tinctures and alcoholics, like the Japanese snake wine, named Habushu. The aim of this work was to perform the first quantitative proteomic analysis of the Protobothrops flavoviridis pit viper venom. Accordingly, the venom was analyzed by complimentary bottom-up and top-down mass spectrometry techniques. The mass spectrometry-based snake venomics approach revealed that more than half of the venom is composed of different phospholipases A2 (PLA2). The combination of this approach and an intact mass profiling led to the identification of the three main Habu PLA2s. Furthermore, nearly one-third of the total venom consists of snake venom metalloproteinases and disintegrins, and several minor represented toxin families were detected: C-type lectin-like proteins (CTL), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP), snake venom serine proteases (svSP), l-amino acid oxidases (LAAO), phosphodiesterase (PDE) and 5′-nucleotidase. Finally, the venom of P. flavoviridis contains certain bradykinin-potentiating peptides and related peptides, like the svMP inhibitors, pEKW, pEQW, pEEW and pENW. In preliminary MTT cytotoxicity assays, the highest cancerous-cytotoxicity of crude venom was measured against human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and shows disintegrin-like effects in some fractions.
Highlights
Since ancient times, people have been fascinated by snakes and ascribed to them a diverse set of properties and character traits
(TD) analytical ofof flavoviridis was analyzed by aby venomic workflow peptidesand andproteins
By means of TD and intact mass profiling (IMP) analytics, in total, we identified 5 different bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs)-RP bearing an N-terminal pyro-glutamate: pEQWMPGGRPPHHIPP (Figure S1) and pESKPGRSPPISP (Figure S2)
Summary
People have been fascinated by snakes and ascribed to them a diverse set of properties and character traits. In mythologies from South America through ancient. Egypt to the Asian world, snakes and snake-like creatures represent both good and evil [1,2,3,4]. Most of them appear as symbols of wisdom and protection, and healing aspects have often been attributed to them [2]. The Aesculapius, the snake-wrapped rod of the Hellenic god Asclepius, and the winged Caduceus of Hermes symbolize medical, veterinarian and pharmacological professions [3]. On the other hand, based on encounters with humans, snakes are known and feared for their bites and their possible consequences. Most accidents with snakes were registered in the tropics and mainly
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