Abstract
The validation of numerical simulations by adjusting parameters is essential to improve accuracy and reliability. Therefore, various measured data of flow characteristics are required to evaluate the reproducibility of the models for watershed, river channel, and coastal flows, particularly for estuaries, where complex physical phenomena occur owing to the diverse external forces and their interactions of land and ocean processes. This study coupled a hydrodynamic model with watershed, river current, tide, and wave models to reproduce freshwater flows, coastal currents, and overall circulations in a small bay where the river and bay meet, considering diverse external forcings from the land, ocean, and atmosphere. Comprehensive validations of simulations from the watershed to the open sea are presented. Data were collected by surveying using the Lagrangian and Eulerian ways to calibrate and validate the model results accurately and sampled at fixed points. The presented simulations are a well-validated example to reproduce the stages, discharges, and stratifications in the river channel and the waves, tides, surface currents, and circulation in the bay well, and the simulation results of this model were applied to investigate sediment transport in rivers and bays.
Published Version
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