Comprehensive assessment of deep-water vessel implosion mechanisms: OceanGate's Titan submersible failure sequence explained

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This study outlines the physical mechanisms involved in a submersible implosion and analyzes the loss of the Titan submersible (‘sub’) that occurred on June 18, 2023 during a mission to visit the wreck of the Titanic. Titan's collapse mechanisms at the moment of implosion are described in detail and outer hull fracturing rate, subsequent implosion rate, accompanying heat release and other key processes are quantified. Plausible causes of the hull's leak leading up to critical loss of the sub's hermetic closure are reviewed using test results made publicly available by the U.S. Marine Board of Investigation. Their data indicated that the bond interfaces between the individual layers of the carbon fiber hull (Hull V2) were critically compromised due to manufacturing defects, voids, porosity, and inadequate adhesive integrity, resulting in significant delamination. Analysis of data from the real-time hull health monitoring system, revealed acoustic anomalies and strain shifts, pointing toward increasing structural fatigue, which went unaddressed prior to the fatal dive. The implosion process can be characterized by an instantaneous collapse of the air volume within the hull under extreme external pressure: even the tiniest leak would lead to destruction of the vessel's structural integrity. The destruction was the more devastating, because it was accompanied by a secondary explosion due to the heat exchange between the collapsing air volume and the ambient sea water. While the collapsing air was phase-changed into a supercritical state, the generated heat caused the adjacent seawater to evaporate and expand. Hull pieces fragmented by the initial implosion were strewn around during the secondary explosion phase, which ceased rapidly as the steam condensed back into seawater once again. The Titan incident underscores the urgent need for improved design standards, rigorous quality control in manufacturing, and enhanced real-time monitoring to prevent similar failures of future deep-sea exploration vehicles.