Comprehensive analysis of the behavior of waste cooking oil biodiesel in C.I. Engines modified using CuO nanoparticles with varying fuel injection pressure

Abstract

In the current research, the behaviour of waste cooking oil biodiesel modified with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles is investigated for its optimal utilization in CI engines. Using a hybrid L9 Taguchi and response surface methodology (RSM) framework the maximum emission control with a minimum number of experimental trials is achieved. For the synthesis of hybrid biodiesel, 5 g of KOH mixed with 180 mL of methanol (CH3OH) in 1 L of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel. The mixture of WCO was heated to 60 °C. Furthermore, the reactor is operated for 60 min. WCO biodiesel (rice bran oil) and diesel are blended 20:80. In addition, three different nanoparticle concentrations such as 10 ppm, 20 ppm, and 30 ppm are taken into account in the current investigation. The final sample of biodiesel was collected after the products have settled for 60 min. The copper oxide (10 ≤ CuO nanoparticles ≤ 30 ppm), load (3 ≤ load ≤ 9 kg), and injection pressure (180 ≤ injection pressure ≤ 240 bar) are the controllable features that were chosen for the research. Following optimization, it is found that brake thermal efficiency − 29.6761%, brake specific fuel consumption − 0.3286 STD, exhaust gas temperature − 250.20 °C, carbon monoxide − 0.0128%, hydrocarbon − 13.7117 ppm, carbon dioxide − 2.2643%, nitrogen oxide − 169.0098 ppm, smoke emission − 10.0252 HSU are present at copper oxide nanoparticles, load, and injection pressure set around 10 ppm, 12 kg, and 210 bar, respectively. The efficacy of the present investigation is demonstrated by the coefficient of determination's value, which was observed to be 80%. The research has produced optimized-cost feedstock with the low emission and maximum break thermal efficiency for the WCO20 biodiesel synthesis.