Abstract
A novel method for introduction of tungsten oxide nanoparticles into a Nafion membrane following the infiltration concept is presented. Non-polar supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent for impregnation of tungsten metalorganic precursor into phase-separated polymer structure. Uniformly distributed 2–4 nm particles of tungsten oxides are obtained. This size coincides with the typical diameter of hydrophilic channels in Nafion. Larger crystallites and aggregates appear also but they are easily washed out of the membrane by subsequent treatment with hydrogen peroxide. The resulting composite membrane favourably combines both increased ionic selectivity and improved proton conductivity, which makes it promising for use in vanadium redox flow batteries. Tests of the composite membranes in operating vanadium redox flow battery cells show up to 5% energy efficiency increase over wide range of current densities as compared to pristine Nafion membranes.
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