Competition Among Spacefaring States in the Exploration of ‘Terra Nulius’ in Outer Space: A Neorealist Approach

Abstract

ABSTRACT This paper aims to explain the competition among spacefaring states in outer space. In contrast to rivalry among great powers on Earth, the competition in space does not merely reflect the situation on Earth. Spacefaring states tend to put their preferences to the most beneficial stakeholders possible. The United States, as the current hegemon in space exploration, has to share its partners on Earth, for instance, the European States, with rival states, such as China. Through a neorealist approach and secondary data collected from various sources, this paper advances that in line with the neorealist assumption, neither ideology nor traditional alliance shapes the international political posture, but rather rational consideration and ability to maximize national interests. In the end, this paper shows that the behavior among states in terms of space exploration related to defence is more varied, unlike the pattern of military competition that occurs on Earth. Choices and changes in the power structure in space are possible based on capability and strategic actions among competing spacefaring states.