Abstract
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) is a novel explosive with low sensitivity and high performance. The compatibility of FOX-7 with nine common energetic materials including hexanitrohexazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan (DNTF), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), hexanitrostilbene (HNS-II), 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105), 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the vacuum stability test (VST) as the thermal technique and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as a nonthermal technique. DSC measurements showed that the binary systems of FOX-7/CL-20, FOX-7/HMX, FOX-7/NTO, and FOX-7/TNT were compatible in grade of A, the systems of FOX-7 with heat-resistant explosives including HNS-II, LLM-105, and TATB were compatible as well in grade of A-B, and the binary systems of FOX-7/DNTF and FOX-7/RDX had poor compatibility. VST results indicated that FOX-7 was compatible with nine energetic materials. Besides, the compatibility results of the thermal analysis were confirmed by the XRD technique.
Highlights
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) is a novel explosive combining comparatively high performance and low sensitivity [1]
In order to expand the application of FOX-7, its compatibility with nine energetic materials including CL-20, HMX, RDX, DNTF, NTO, HNS-II, LLM-105, TATB, and TNT were tested, which lay the foundation for its further application in modern weapons and ammunition
It can be seen that neat FOX-7 has an obvious endothermic peak at 116.30°C, and two exothermic peaks are at 233.51°C and 276.65°C, respectively, which is similar to previous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations [6]. e first exothermic peak at 233.51°C was chosen to calculate the differences between a single and mixture system when the temperature is lower than the lowest decomposition peak temperature of another single system. e obvious endothermic peak at 116.30°C is due to the crystal transformation from β to c, and the thermal decomposition of FOX-7 consists of two stages: the first stage may be due to the intramolecular reaction of denitrification, and the second stage is caused by the intermolecular reaction of the rupture of the molecular skeleton [6, 23, 24]
Summary
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) is a novel explosive combining comparatively high performance and low sensitivity [1] Since it was reported in 1998 [2], it has quickly been the subject of explosives research in various countries of the world. Compatibility is one of the most important indicators to measure the safe use of explosives and is a decisive factor in the long-term normal storage of energetic materials. It is well-known that the single explosive system fails to meet the actual requirements in modern weapons, and mixed explosives are often the ultimate way to achieve weapon damage. In order to expand the application of FOX-7, its compatibility with nine energetic materials including CL-20, HMX, RDX, DNTF, NTO, HNS-II, LLM-105, TATB, and TNT were tested, which lay the foundation for its further application in modern weapons and ammunition
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