Abstract
Fluoride pollution in subsurface water is a significant problem for different nations across the world because of the intake of excessive fluoride caused by the drinking of the contaminated subsurface. Water pollution by flouride can be attributed to the natural and human-made agents. Increased levels of fluoride in drinking water may result in the irretrievable demineralization of bone and tooth tissues, a situation called fluorosis, and other disorders. There has long been a need for fluoride removal from drinking water to make it safe for human use. Among the various fluoride removal methods, adsorption is the method most popularly used due to its cheap cost, ease of utilization, and being a scalable and simple physical technique. According to the findings of this study, the highest concentration of fluoride (0.1–15.0 mg/L) was found in Sweden and the lowest (0.03–1.14 mg/L) in Italy. We collected the values of adsorption capacities and fluoride removal efficiencies of various types of adsorbents from valuable released data accessible in the literature and exhibited tables. There is still a need to find the actual possibility of using biosorbents and adsorbents on a commercial scale and to define the reusability of adsorbents to decrease price and the waste generated from the adsorption method. This article reviews the currently available methods and approaches to fluoride removal of water.
Highlights
Fluoride is vital in little quantities for bone mineralization and protects against dental caries
Reverse osmosis (RO) method has received lots of attention since 1960s owing to enhanced membrane materials and technologies, lower energy consumption, and its ability to segregate practically all total dissolved solids (TDS) from seawater and fulfill guideline standards [8]. e common methods of defluorination have limitations, such as high primary installation cost, defect of selectivity, low capacity, and regeneration or utilization problems [9]. e best fluoride value in drinking water for common good health set by the World Health Organization (WHO) is between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/L at a temperature ranging from 12 to 25°C [10]
Various methods had been employed in these articles, including adsorption (13), ion exchange (1), NF (2), freeze concentration (1), reverse osmosis (RO) (1), electrolysis (1), coagulation (1), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) (1), and EC (1) (Table 3)
Summary
Fluoride is vital in little quantities for bone mineralization and protects against dental caries. One study reported that the Mg-hydroxyapatite (HAP) adsorbent developed for fluoride removal from aqueous environments has very good potential for defluoridation with a capacity of 1.4 mg/g. Another study reported that the maximum removal rate of fluoride was achieved at 300 mg/L alum level, in 45 min at pH 6 [25].
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary 
Published Version (
Free)
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call