Abstract
Previous research identified potential prebiotic substrates for oral health like the structural analogues N-acetyl-d-mannosamine (NADM) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NADG). The main hypothesis of the current study was twofold. Firstly, it was hypothesized that the modulatory effects of NADM are not limited to changes in multi-species oral biofilm composition, but also include effects on metabolism, virulence, and inflammatory potential. Secondly, the presence and orientation of their N-acetyl group could play a role. Therefore, a comparison was made between the effects of NADM, NADG and d-(+)-mannose on multi-species oral biofilms. Besides a beneficial compositional shift, NADM-treated biofilms also showed an altered metabolism, a reduced virulence and a decreased inflammatory potential. At a substrate concentration of 1 M, these effects were pronounced for all biofilm aspects, whereas at ~ 0.05 M (1%(w/v)) only the effects on virulence were pronounced. When comparing between substrates, both the presence and orientation of the N-acetyl group played a role. However, this was generally only at 1 M and dependent on the biofilm aspect. Overall, NADM was found to have different effects at two concentrations that beneficially modulate in vitro multi-species oral biofilm composition, metabolism, virulence and inflammatory potential. The presence and orientation of the N-acetyl group influenced these effects.
Highlights
Previous research identified potential prebiotic substrates for oral health like the structural analogues N-acetyl-d-mannosamine (NADM) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NADG)
NADG resulted in significant decreases in A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and S. sobrinus numbers (− 1.5 to − 2.5 log(Geq/mL)), and significantly increased S. oralis numbers (+ 1.0 log(Geq/mL)). d-(+)-mannose yielded significantly reduced A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, A. naeslundii and A. viscosus numbers (-1.2 to -3.7 log(Geq/mL))
For the beneficials/commensals, a significant difference was only obtained for S. oralis, with NADM yielding higher numbers compared to NADG (+ 1.5 log(Geq/mL))
Summary
Previous research identified potential prebiotic substrates for oral health like the structural analogues N-acetyl-d-mannosamine (NADM) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NADG). In the past few years, potential prebiotic substrates have been identified that modulate in vitro multi-species oral biofilms by stimulation of beneficial/commensal bacteria, resulting in more host-compatible biofilms that carried fewer pathogens, showed reduced virulence gene expression and had less inflammatory potential. Four other potential prebiotic substrates were shown to modulate in vitro multi-species oral biofilms towards a more host-compatible s tate[24] They induced a shift towards a more health-associated microbiological composition, an altered metabolic profile and an often decreased virulence gene expression and inflammatory potential. One of those substrates, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NADG), shows high functional and structural similarity with NADM. Both amino sugars are structural analogues and share the same basic d-(+)-mannose-like sugar structure, but differ in the orientation of their N-acetyl group
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