Abstract
BackgroundAccumulating evidence shows that physical exercise has a positive effect on the release of neurotrophic factors and myokines. However, evidence regarding the optimal type of physical exercise for these release is still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and chronic effects of open-skill exercise (OSE) compared to closed-skill exercise (CSE) on serum and plasma levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNFS, BDNFP), and serum levels of insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in healthy older adults.MethodsTo investigate acute effects, thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention (badminton (aOSE) and bicycling (aCSE), n = 24, 65.83 ± 5.98 years) or control group (reading (CG), n = 14, 67.07 ± 2.37 years). Blood samples were taken immediately before and 5 min after each condition. During each condition, heart rate was monitored. The mean heart rate of aOSE and aCSE were equivalent (65 ± 5% of heart rate reserve). In a subsequent 12-week training-intervention, twenty-two participants were randomly assigned to either a sport-games (cOSE, n = 6, 64.50 ± 6.32) or a strength-endurance training (cCSE, n = 9, 64.89 ± 3.51) group to assess for chronic effects. Training intensity for both groups was adjusted to a subjective perceived exertion using the CR-10 scale (value 7). Blood samples were taken within one day after the training-intervention.ResultsBDNFS, BDNFP, IGF-1, and IL-6 levels increased after a single exercise session of 30 min. After 12 weeks of training BDNFS and IL-6 levels were elevated, whereas IGF-1 levels were reduced in both groups. However, only in the cOSE group these changes were significant. We could not find any significant differences between the exercise types.ConclusionOur results indicate that both exercise types are efficient to acutely increase BDNFS, BDNFP, IGF-1 and IL-6 serum levels in healthy older adults. Additionally, our results tend to support that OSE is more effective for improving basal BDNFS levels after 12 weeks of training.
Highlights
Accumulating evidence shows that physical exercise has a positive effect on the release of neurotrophic factors and myokines
For interleukin 6 (IL-6), non-parametric tests were used BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor; insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-6 interleukine-6 Asterisk indicate significant difference between pre-test and post-test (*0.050 > p ≥ 00.001; **p < 0.001) Number sign indicate a tendency for difference between pre-test and post-test (#0.100 > p ≥ 0.050)
Based on our results presented above, the main findings of our study were two-fold: first, we could observe that B DNFP, BDNFS, IGF-1, and IL-6 levels were increased in response to both exercise types after a single session of 30 min
Summary
Accumulating evidence shows that physical exercise has a positive effect on the release of neurotrophic factors and myokines. According to the “neurotrophic hypotheses” [30, 31], in long-term the exercise-related release of neurotrophic factors can promote functional and structural brain changes, that in turn might contribute to the maintenance or increase of cognitive functions [32, 33]. In this regard, it has been shown that BDNF promotes various processes of neuroplasticity, such as neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and neuronal protection [34,35,36]. Current evidence suggests that the expression of neuroproteins and/or myokines (e.g.,, BDNF, IGF-1, IL-6) depends on exercise variables (e.g.,, exercise intensity, exercise duration, type of physical exercise) and/or training variables (e.g.,, frequency, density, duration) and training principles (e.g.,, progression, specificity, reversibility) [16, 49,50,51,52]
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