Abstract
Simple SummaryGeneral anesthesia in small ruminants is still a challenge under field conditions. Propofol is an injectable short-acting anesthetic used to provide induction and/or anesthesia maintenance. Isoflurane is the inhaled anesthetic more widely used for providing general anesthesia; however, it requires an expensive equipment for its administration, and high doses may produce environmental pollution. Both anesthetics produce dose-related cardiovascular depressant effects. This study aimed to compare the effects of propofol or isoflurane, combined with a constant-rate infusion of fentanyl–lidocaine–ketamine (total [total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)] and partial intravenous anesthesia [PIVA], respectively) in goats undergoing abomasotomy. Our results showed that both TIVA and PIVA protocols produced a satisfactory quality of anesthesia during surgery, with minimal changes in cardiopulmonary parameters. However, recovery from anesthesia induced by propofol fentanyl–lidocaine–ketamine might be of poor quality.This study aimed to compare, first, the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol or isoflurane anesthetic maintenance in goats receiving a fentanyl–lidocaine–ketamine infusion undergoing abomasotomy and, secondly, to compare the quality of the recovery from anesthesia. Two groups were used: propofol (TIVA) and isoflurane (PIVA). Goats were premedicated with fentanyl (10 μg/kg intravenously [IV]), lidocaine (2 mg/kg, IV), and ketamine (1.5 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintenance consisted of fentanyl (10 μg/kg/h, IV), lidocaine (50 μg/kg/min, IV), and ketamine (50 μg/kg/min, IV) as constant-rate infusions (CRIs), combined with either CRI of propofol at initial dose of 0.3 mg/kg/min, IV (TIVA), or isoflurane with initial end-tidal (FE’Iso) concentration of 1.2% partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA). The mean effective propofol dose for maintenance was 0.44 ± 0.07 mg/kg/min, while the mean FE’Iso was 0.81 ± 0.2%. Higher systolic arterial pressure (SAP) values were observed in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) during some time points. Recovery was smooth in PIVA, while restlessness, vocalizations, and paddling were observed in TIVA. Both protocols produced a satisfactory quality of anesthesia during surgery, with minimal impact on cardiopulmonary function. Nevertheless, recovery after anesthesia in TIVA might be of poor quality.
Highlights
Administration of fentanyl, lidocaine, and ketamine resulted in heavy sedation of all goats
Mean propofol doses required for induction of anesthesia were 3.78 ± 0.38 mg/kg for both protocols
The results of the present study have shown that propofol or isoflurane combined with constant-rate infusions (CRIs) of fentanyl–lidocaine–ketamine produced a satisfactory quality of anesthesia during surgery, with comparative minimal impact on cardiopulmonary function, but with differences in recovery quality
Summary
Anesthesia is achieved using injectable anesthetic drugs for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, while inhaled agents are used for maintenance of anesthesia [2]. When anesthesia is maintained exclusively with a single inhaled agent (i.e., in the absence of other sedatives or analgesics drugs), high doses of anesthetics are required to achieve a satisfactory anesthetic plane, which increases the likelihood of adverse effects (e.g., dose-related cardiovascular depression) [5]. The use of a single inhaled agent often requires expensive special equipment and installations for administration, and inhaled agents such as isoflurane, are chlorofluorocarbons, compounds potentially dangerous to the earth’s ozone layer [6], and may contribute to global warming [7]
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