Abstract
Persulfate (PS) is widely used to degrade emerging organic contaminants in groundwater and soil systems, and various PS activation methods (e.g., energy or chemical inputs) have been considered to increase oxidation strength. This study investigates PS activation through manganese amendment in the form of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) to subsequently degrade the emerging and recalcitrant groundwater contaminant 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D). The activation of PS by MnO2 was confirmed by radical trap and by product formation. The degradation kinetics of 1,4-D by PS was also compared with varying amendments of KMnO4 and MnO2. The results showed that MnO2 activated PS, which increased the degradation rate constant of 1,4-D. KMnO4 activation of PS was not observed even though the binary oxidant mixture did enhance the degradation of 1,4-D. These results have implications for applying in situ chemical oxidation in subsurface systems, especially for conditions wherein manganese exists naturally in groundwater or aquifer minerals to support possible PS activation.
Highlights
IntroductionPersulfate (PS) is widely used to degrade emerging organic contaminants in groundwater and soil systems, and various PS activation methods (e.g., energy or chemical inputs) have been considered to increase oxidation strength
Persulfate (PS) is widely used to degrade emerging organic contaminants in groundwater and soil systems, and various PS activation methods have been considered to increase oxidation strength
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-D) is a recalcitrant and emerging water contaminant that was commonly used as a solvent stabilizer mixed with chlorinated solvents, mainly 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and trichloroethene (TCE), and co-disposal has resulted in groundwater contamination [1,2,3]. 1,4-D is hazardous to humans, and it was classified as a probable human (B2) carcinogen [2,4,5,6,7]
Summary
Persulfate (PS) is widely used to degrade emerging organic contaminants in groundwater and soil systems, and various PS activation methods (e.g., energy or chemical inputs) have been considered to increase oxidation strength. To subsequently degrade the emerging and recalcitrant groundwater contaminant 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D). KMnO4 activation of PS was not observed even though the binary oxidant mixture did enhance the degradation of 1,4-D. These results have implications for applying in situ chemical oxidation in subsurface systems, especially for conditions wherein manganese exists naturally in groundwater or aquifer minerals to support possible PS activation. 1,4-Dioxane (1,4-D) is a recalcitrant and emerging water contaminant that was commonly used as a solvent stabilizer mixed with chlorinated solvents, mainly 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and trichloroethene (TCE), and co-disposal has resulted in groundwater contamination [1,2,3]. Kim [12] provide a recent review of the health risks, contaminant remediation issues, and additional research needs
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