Abstract

The consumption of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) has surged significantly recent years since global banning of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Industrial activities are an important source of OPFRs, however there are few studies on OPFRs contamination in the indoor and outdoor atmosphere of industrial areas. A study was conducted to analyze contamination of 15 OPFRs individuals in both indoor and outdoor air and PM2.5 of living and industrial sites of the petrochemical industrial area (outdoor and indoor sites of living area was LO and LI, outdoor and indoor sites of industrial area was LO and LI). The average concentrations of OPFRs in PM2.5 of LO (16.40 ng/m3) and IO (17.83 ng/m3) were similar, while LI (60.46 ng/m3) was higher than that in II (33.43 ng/m3). The average concentrations of indoor OPFR in PM2.5 and air in summer were 4.10 and 2.22 times higher than those in winter, respectively This seasonal concentration variation of OPFRs may attribute to the influence of temperature that accelerated the releasing of OPFRs from materials. Alkyl-OPFRs and Cl-OPFRs were the dominant OPFRs in air and PM2.5, respectively. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of OPFRs and correlation of OPFRs with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicated that the indoor source (material emission) was the dominant contributors of indoor OPFRs in PM2.5 and air, and outdoor sources (industrial and traffic sources) had significant contribution to OPFRs in indoor and outdoor air and outdoor PM2.5. The gas-particle partitioning of OPFRs had not reached equilibrium state, and absorption mechanism dominated. The Harner-Bidleman (H-B) model has better fitting effect for OPFRs with logKOA > 10. The health risk of OPFRs for both adult and child were neglectable. While considering the high contribution of TCEP to carcinogenic risk, and high contribution of TCPP to none-carcinogenic risk, their health risk should be given special attention.

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