Abstract
Global Naavigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are, in addition to being most widely used vehicle navigation method, becoming popular in sport-related tests. There is a lack of knowledge regarding tracking speed using GNSS, therefore the aims of this study were to examine under dynamic conditions: (1) how accurate technologically different GNSS measure speed and (2) how large is latency in speed measurements in real time applications. Five GNSSs were tested. They were fixed to a car's roof-rack: a smart phone, a wrist watch, a handheld device, a professional system for testing vehicles and a high-end Real Time Kinematics (RTK) GNSS. The speed data were recorded and analyzed during rapid acceleration and deceleration as well as at steady speed. The study produced four main findings. Higher frequency and high quality GNSS receivers track speed at least at comparable accuracy to a vehicle speedometer. All GNSS systems measured maximum speed and movement at a constant speed well. Acceleration and deceleration have different level of error at different speeds. Low cost GNSS receivers operating at 1 Hz sampling rate had high latency (up to 2.16 s) and are not appropriate for tracking speed in real time, especially during dynamic movements.
Highlights
Positioning and tracking of people and transport vehicles by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) underwent a major expansion recently, especially after the arrival of smart phones, which almost as a rule have an in-built GNSS receiver
Most people are familiar with GNSS devices from applications for road navigation, the technology roots are in the radio-navigation systems, i.e., Long Range Navigation (LORAN), which was developed for the navigation of ships and aircrafts
First the speeds recorded by the Leica and the Racelogic were tested against the vehicle speedometer
Summary
Positioning and tracking of people and transport vehicles by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) underwent a major expansion recently, especially after the arrival of smart phones, which almost as a rule have an in-built GNSS receiver. Positioning System (GPS) from the USA reigned in the global positioning in the past decades, lately a number of devices that use the synchronous Russian GNSS system named Globalnaja Navigacionnaja. The reason for the increasing number of devices using both GNSS systems is understandable, since the GLONASS expanded from 6 to 24 satellites in the past decade [1,2]. Despite the fact that GNSS technology uses satellites and their signals for positing, there are considerable differences among the available systems in: The number of frequencies they use from the satellites, The satellites they can track (e.g., GPS and/or GLONASS), The sampling frequency, The number of channels for tracking satellites, The capacity to correct position calculations, such as Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) or Real Time Kinematics (RTK) differentiation
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