Abstract
A number of fixed-grid finite-element methods were tested on problems involving heat conduction with phase change. Only methods that can deal with arbitrary enthalpy-temperature relationships were considered. Comparisons were made of temperature gradient versus enthalpy gradient formulations, lumped versus distributed capacitance, time-average versus space-average apparent heat capacity, and iterative versus noniterative methods. The apparent heal capacity methods that incorporate lumped capacitances and Pham's correction performed best, in terms of agreement with analytical solutions and speed of computation (as measured by the number of matrix solutions). The best iterative method allows marginally larger time intervals to be used and guarantees perfect heat balance, but for a given accuracy it is usually slower than the best noniterative methods. A further advantage of the noniterative methods is that the heat balance can serve as a useful check of convergence, a heat balance error of more than 1% generally indicating that convergence has not been reached.
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