Abstract
The integration of renewable energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the existing low-voltage (LV) distribution network at a high penetration level can cause reverse power flow, increased overall energy demand, network congestion, voltage rise/dip, transformer overloading and other operational issues. In this study, these potentially negative impacts caused by increasing penetration of distributed energy resources and PEVs are stochastically quantified based on a real practical 400 V distribution network as a case study. Battery energy storage (BES) is known to be a promising method for peak shaving and to provide network ancillary services. Two types of BES implementations aiming at distinctive charging and discharging targets without communication infrastructure or control centre are proposed and simulated. Optimisation results and potential financial profit of these two BES systems are compared and discussed in detail.
Highlights
Renewable energy sources (RESs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) can benefit domestic customers to reduce the electricity bill and incurred transportation expenses
Simulation results show that the customer-owned distributed BES system (BESS) can support the voltage regulation, power loss reduction, and peak shaving of the network, but with limited effects
distribution network operators (DNOs)-owned centralised BESS mainly plays a significant role in peak shaving
Summary
Renewable energy sources (RESs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) can benefit domestic customers to reduce the electricity bill and incurred transportation expenses. The ultimate goal of owing a BES is to store extra electricity generated from PV during the daytime, instead of feeding into the grid, since the feed-in rate is about one-third of the average electricity price (UK) Another function is to charge the BES during load off-peak times when the price of electricity is low, and discharge the stored energy during load peak evening time [10]. DNO may prefer to shave the peak load and maintain other operational constraints to postpone substantial network reinforcement [11] Both configurations will consider optimisation algorithms to utilise the battery capacity, justify the initial capital investment, and maintain financial profits during the expected lifespan of BES.
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