Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) vary depending on the type of sport practiced and the body region, and their measurement can be an effective way to predict health risks throughout an athlete’s life. Objective: To describe the methodological aspects (measurement of bone parameters, body regions, precision errors and covariates) and to compare BMD and BMC by body region (total body, upper limbs, lower limbs and trunk) among university athletes practicing different sports. Methods: A search was performed on the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, SportDiscus, LILACS and SciELO. Studies were selected that: (1) compared BMD and BMC of athletes practicing at least two different sports (2) used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess bone parameters (3) focused on university athletes. The extracted data were: place of study, participant selection, participants’ sex, sport practiced, type of study, bone parameters, DXA model, software used, scan and body regions, precision error, precision protocol, covariates and comparison of bone parameters between different sports by body region. Results: The main results were: 1) BMD is the most investigated bone parameter; 2) total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur (mainly femoral neck) are the most studied body regions; 3) although not recommended, the coefficient of variation is the main indicator of precision error; 4) total body mass and height are the most commonly used covariates; 5) swimmers and runners have lower BMD and BMC values; and 6) it is speculated that basketball players and gymnasts have greater osteogenic potential. Conclusions: Swimmers and runners should include weight-bearing exercises in their training routines. In addition to body mass and height, other covariates are important. The results of this review can help guide intervention strategies focused on preventing diseases and health problems during and after the athletic career. Level of evidence II; Systematic Review.
Highlights
Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) vary depending on the type of sport practiced and the body region, and their measurement can be an effective way to predict health risks throughout an athlete’s life
The main results were: 1) bone mineral density (BMD) is the most investigated bone parameter; 2) total body, lumbar spine and proximal femur are the most studied body regions; 3) not recommended, the coefficient of variation is the main indicator of precision error; 4) total body mass and height are the most commonly used covariates; 5) swimmers and runners have lower BMD and BMC values; and 6) it is speculated that basketball players and gymnasts have greater osteogenic potential
L2 to L4) and proximal femur as the most studied body regions; 3) coefficient of variation as the main indicator of precision error; 4) total body mass and height as the covariates most used in the final statistical models; 5) swimming and long distance running showed lower BMD and BMC values than athletes from the other investigated sports, regardless of the body region analyzed
Summary
Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) vary depending on the type of sport practiced and the body region, and their measurement can be an effective way to predict health risks throughout an athlete’s life. Objective: To describe the methodological aspects (measurement of bone parameters, body regions, precision errors and covariates) and to compare BMD and BMC by body region (total body, upper limbs, lower limbs and trunk) among university athletes practicing different sports. Bone is living tissue with vital functions such as structural and mineral storage.[1] The effect of sports participation on bone parameters during childhood and adolescence[2,3,4,5,6] and young adulthood[3,7,8,9] has been widely described These surveys identified that individuals who practiced sports during the first decades of life significantly reduced the risk of morbidity and mortality caused by diseases resulting from the deterioration of bone structures, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and fractures. The adaptive responses that directly impact BMD and BMC vary according to the magnitude, speed and frequency of the activity load.[9,11,12,13] Nikander et al.[12] suggest an interesting classification of the osteogenic effect of sports: (1) high-magnitude vertical impacts (gymnastics), (2) moderate-magnitude impacts from varying, unusual directions (soccer and badminton), (3) high-magnitude muscle forces (powerlifting), (4) a great number of consecutive low-to-moderate-magnitude impacts (long distance running), and (5) a great number of consecutive non-weight-bearing muscle contractions (swimming).[12,13]
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