Abstract
Simple SummaryInvasive round goby and native European bullhead are bottom-dwelling species that occupy a similar niche and are expected to compete for similar resources. Knowledge of how species behave in novel conditions without competition has implications for how they will interact. Our objective was to investigate the space use, flow velocity preferences and tolerance, shelter use, feeding behavior, and activity patterns of specimens of both species to better understand their basic behavior characteristics. Space in a habitat simulator system was divided for purposes of analysis into seven zones among which fish could move freely. We observed individual fish during acclimatization periods and normal behavior periods of darkness and light. The results showed few differences between species. Round goby showed a preference for areas with slow running water, whereas the bullhead gravitated to higher velocity waters. The species exhibited similar patterns in time spent in zones in a given period, spending most of the time in the shelter and the mid-stream zone. Despite the low differences observed, we can conclude that the fish needed a long acclimatization period for behavior stabilization, which should be considered in future studies.The round goby is an invasive fish in Europe and North America that threatens native species by predation and competition. Its habitat preferences are similar to those of the European bullhead, which it displaces from shelters and out-competes for available resources. We assessed the microhabitat preferences, shelter use, and activity of the round goby and European bullhead in single-species experiments in habitat simulator systems to investigate their behavior in a novel environment. Fish were video-recorded for 28 h in the presence of shelter and feed with water velocity ranging from 0.00 to 0.96 m s−1. The two species showed similar behavior under given conditions. A primary difference was in stress-induced behavior in the initial phases of observation. The round goby spent more time in movement when outside the shelter and a longer time in the escape zone in the exploration period during light. Our results confirmed a significant preference of round goby for low velocity areas and a preference for higher velocities in the European bullhead. Both species were able to cope with velocities > 0.7 m s−1. Therefore, the reported invasion success of round goby is probably not driven by space use or activity patterns, but rather by higher adaptability.
Highlights
Freshwater ecosystems increasingly face native species decline and extinctions and biodiversity loss as a consequence of bioinvasions [1,2]
There was no significant difference in the number of larvae consumed with respect (EB) Cottus gobio
The time spent in the feeding zone was not significantly related to the number of larvae consumed in either species (European bullhead: Y = 3.47x + 0.00060, R2 = 0.1704, p = 0.07; round goby: Y = 4.20x + 0.00046, R2 = −0.017, p = 0.398) (Figure S1)
Summary
Freshwater ecosystems increasingly face native species decline and extinctions and biodiversity loss as a consequence of bioinvasions [1,2]. The differences in ecological preferences and tolerances of interacting species can allow abiotic conditions to modify their competition [5]. Factors such as hydrodynamics, temperature, slope, habitat complexity, and type of substrate may influence the outcome of direct interactions [6,7,8] and affect the displacement of one species by another, their co-existence in a location, or their separation in space [9]. It is necessary to examine the potential results of interactions of invasive and native organisms under the varied abiotic conditions, beginning with obtaining information with respect to species basic behavior patterns, space use, and habitat preferences. The round goby has been one of the most successful non-native fish invaders in European and North American inland and coastal waters in recent decades [13,14]. The species has invaded and expanded its range in large
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