Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as plasticisers in flexible plastics and containers for food and personal care products (PCPs) and contaminates foods and PCPs. A human biomonitoring (BM) study was performed to study exposure of chemicals from foods and PCPs. For two 24-h periods, adult volunteers (n = 144) in Norway kept diaries on food eaten and usage of PCPs, and collected 24-h urine. Aggregated exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from dietary and PCPs was estimated by Monte-Carlo simulation using Oracle Crystal Ball©. Simulated urinary concentrations using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were compared with measured urinary metabolites of DEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP) and mono-2-ethyl 5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECCP). DEHP exposure from food are approximately 10 times higher than exposure than from PCPs. The main contributors to dietary exposure are dairy, grain, fruits and vegetables, meat and fish. Body lotion contribute most to the exposure of DEHP from PCPs. Forward-dosimetry gives good convergence with 24-h urinary concentrations of simulated and measured BM data. The measured concentration of the MECCP metabolite correlated well with simulated high exposure, while the measured concentrations of MEHP, MEHHP and MEOHP partly overlapped with both simulated low, medium and high metabolite exposure.
Highlights
Phthalates are diesters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and are a class of synthetic chemicals that are widely used as a plasticiser in flexible plastics and containers for food, personal care products (PCPs) and consumer products
DEHP is converted to its primary monoester metabolite, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), Abbreviations: ADME, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination; BM, biomonitoring; DBP, dibutyl phthalate; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; KBS, food and nutrient calculation system; LOD, limits of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; Mono-2-carboxymethyl hexyl phthalate (MCMHP), mono-2-carboxymethyl hexyl phthalate; MECCP, mono-2-ethyl 5-carboxypentyl phthalate; MEHHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate; MEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEOHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate; NIPH, Norwegian Institute of Public Health; PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetic; PCPs, personal care products
This paper aims to compare measured concentrations of DEHP metabolites in urine from the particiants in the EuroMix BM study to individual-based simulated urinary levels of DEHP metabolites using the PBPK model from Sharma et al (2018a), with input data provided by probabilistic exposure modelling of DEHP from foods and PCPss
Summary
Phthalates are diesters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid) and are a class of synthetic chemicals that are widely used as a plasticiser in flexible plastics and containers for food, personal care products (PCPs) and consumer products. DEHP is converted to its primary monoester metabolite, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), Abbreviations: ADME, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination; BM, biomonitoring; DBP, dibutyl phthalate; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; KBS, food and nutrient calculation system; LOD, limits of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; MCMHP, mono-2-carboxymethyl hexyl phthalate; MECCP, mono-2-ethyl 5-carboxypentyl phthalate; MEHHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate; MEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEOHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate; NIPH, Norwegian Institute of Public Health; PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetic; PCPs, personal care products
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