Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and increased degree of oxidative stress are among the important risk factors for Atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients (RTR). The Medical treatment of hyperlipidemia in RTR because of drugs side effects has been problematic, therefore alternative methods such as using of Garlic as an effective material in cholesterol lowering and inhibition of LDL Oxidation has been noted. For evaluation of garlic effect on RTR, 50 renal transplant patients with stable renal function were selected and divided into 2 groups. They took one clove of garlic (1 gr) by chewing or swallowing for two months, after one month wash-out period, they took garlic by the other route. Results indicated that although lipid profile, BUN, Cr, serum levels of cyclosporine and diastolic blood pressure did not change, Systolic blood pressure decreased from138.2 to 132.8 mmHg (p=0.001) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased from 2.4 to1.7 nmol/ml (p=0.009) by swallowing route, Cholesterol decreased from 205.1 to 195.3 mg/dl (p=0.03), triglyceride decreased from 195.7 to 174.8 mg/dl (p=0.008), MDA decreased from 2.5 to 1.6 nmol/ml (p=0.001), systolic blood pressure decreased from 137.5 to 129.8 mmHg (p=0.001), diastolic blood pressure decreased from 84.6 to 77.6 mmHg (p=0.001) and Cr decreased from 1.51 to 1.44 mg/dl (p=0.03) by chewing route too. However HDL, LDL and cyclosporine serum levels had no significant differences by both of swallowing and chewing routes. We conclude that undamaged garlic (swallowed) had no lowering effect on lipid level of serum. But Crushed garlic (chewed) reduces cholesterol, triglyceride, MDA and blood pressure. Additionally creatinine reduced without notable decrease in cyclosporine serum levels may be due to cyclosporine nephrotoxicity ameliorating effect of garlic.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients [1] and it accounts for about 40% of deaths in this group of patients [2]
Lipoprotein abnormalities are common in renal disease [4] these are reported in 50–80% of renal transplant recipients [5]
In patients who swallowed garlic, weight, intake of calorie, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) had no significant differences but intake of total fat (TF) and Chol were increased during the study as compared with the pre garlic period
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients [1] and it accounts for about 40% of deaths in this group of patients [2]. Several risk factors for CVD, such as lipid abnormalities and insulin resistance, may partly explain the accelerated development of atherosclerosis following renal transplantation [1]. There is increased degree of oxidative stress in RTR [6]. In these patients following hyperlipidemia and lipoprotein abnormalities, free radicals produced. These reactions lead to production of free radicals and aggravate lipid peroxidation [7]
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