Abstract
The independent origins of multiple electric organs (EOs) of fish are fascinating examples of convergent evolution. However, comparative transcriptomics of different electric fish lineages are scarce. In this study, we found that the gene expression of EOs and skeletal muscles from three lineages (Mormyroidea, Siluriformes, and Gymnotiformes) tended to cluster together based on the species of origin, irrespective of the organ from which they are derived. A pairwise comparison of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that no less than half of shared DEGs exhibited parallel expression differentiation, indicating conserved directionality of differential expression either in or between lineages, but only a few shared DEGs were identified across all focal species. Nevertheless, the functional enrichment analysis of DEGs indicated that there were more parallel gene expression changes at the level of pathways and biological functions. Therefore, we may conclude that there is no parallel evolution of the entire transcriptomes of EOs among different lineages. Further, our results support the hypothesis that it is not different genes but conserved biological functions that play a crucial role in the convergence of complex phenotypes. This study provides insight into the genetic basis underlying the EO convergent evolution; however, more studies in different cases will be needed to demonstrate whether this pattern can be extended to other cases to derive a general rule for convergent evolution.
Highlights
Convergent phenotype, referring to the evolution of identical or similar traits arising from different genetic and developmental pathways among populations or species, can offer extremely useful systems for studying the genetics of new adaptations (Arendt and Reznick, 2008; Christin et al, 2010; Stern, 2013)
We found that the gene expressions of two organs from distinct lineages tend to group together within lineage, rather than organ (Figures 2 and 3B), which may indicate that there was no parallel evolution of the entire transcriptome among the electric organs (EOs) from different lineages
To understand the dynamics of electric fish transcriptome evolution, in our study, we reanalyzed the transcriptomic data from the EOs and skeletal muscle (SM) across five species and found that the gene expression of these two organs from three lineages preferentially group together within lineage, rather than within organ
Summary
Convergent phenotype, referring to the evolution of identical or similar traits arising from different genetic and developmental pathways among populations or species, can offer extremely useful systems for studying the genetics of new adaptations (Arendt and Reznick, 2008; Christin et al, 2010; Stern, 2013). It has long been viewed as evidence for the claim that ecological circumstances can select for similar evolutionary solutions (Stern, 2013). Owing to the involvement of complex biochemical cascades as well as epistatic interactions, the identification of the genetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic convergence has remained elusive (Christin et al, 2010)
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