Comparative Therapy of Animal and Bird Diseases Caused by Mycoplasmas

Abstract

Mycoplasmas are the cause of many pathologies, both of various species of animals and birds. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of enrofloxacin, difloxacin, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, tylosin, tilmycosin, tilvalosin, tiamulin, florfenicol, lincomycin, spectinomycin and 2 combinations (spectinomycin and lincomycin) with the isolates of Myecoplasma sympathy were significantly different. Elevated MICs of tilmicosin were observed in both M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum isolates (MIC values> = 64 μg/ml), and this was observed in all isolates with high MICs of tylosin. The increase in the MIC of lincomycin was mainly associated with the increase in the MIC of tilmicosin. In vitro susceptibility testing of 50 M. gallisepticum strains isolated in Israel in the period of 1997-2010 carried out by a group of scientists led by Gerchman I. showed that acquired resistance to tylosin, as well as to tilmicosin, is present in 50 % of them. Moreover, 72 % (13/18) of the strains isolated from clinical specimens since 2006 showed acquired resistance to enrofloxacin, tylosin and tilmicosin. All isolates with MIC> = 0.63 μg/ml for tylosin and MIC> = 1.25 μg/ml for tilmycosin have one of these mutations, which indicates a significant role in reducing the sensitivity of M. gallisepticum to 16-membered macrolides. Fluoroquinolones, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline and oxytetracycline are effective against Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma, which are the main causative agents of respiratory infections in lambs. Antimicrobial resistance of Mycoplasma bovis isolates to antibacterial drugs is not high. With the exception of tilmicosin, all isolates were highly susceptible to the tested antimicrobials (oxytetracycline and florfenicol). Tilmicosin and oxytetracycline are effective in treating respiratory diseases in young calves, even if they are affected by Mycoplasma spp. Tilmicosin is more effective in eliminating the clinical signs of mycoplasmosis. Treatment of mycoplasma respiratory syndrome with tulathromycin resulted in slightly higher (P = 0.009) therapeutic success (87.9 % and 80 %, respectively) than initial treatment with enrofloxacin (70.2 % and 62.5 %, respectively). Animals treated with tulathromycin also received fewer follow-up treatments and increased weight gain compared to animals treated with enrofloxacin. Tulatromycin was evaluated in the treatment of pneumonia in weaning pigs intranasally inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Tulatromycin was also quite effective. Use of broad-spectrum drugs, which include tilmicosin, is also promising. Therefore, the therapeutic efficacy of the analyzed drugs used for the treatment of mycoplasmosis, both in birds and animals (cattle, small ruminants, and pigs), depends both on the drugs used and on etiological agents. A significant role in the effectiveness of treatment with certain drugs is played by the infections accompanying mycoplasmosis.