Abstract
Biocompatibility is an essential property for any vital pulp material that may interact with the dental pulp tissues. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the chemical composition and ultrastructural morphology of Biodentine (Septodont, Saint Maur-des-Fosses, France), ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Johnson City, TN, USA), and Bio-C Repair (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), as well as their biological effects on human dental pulp cells. Chemical element characterization of the materials was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The cytotoxicity was assessed by analyzing the cell viability (MTT assay), cell morphology (immunofluorescence assay), and cell attachment (flow cytometry assay). The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). EDX revealed that ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were mostly composed of calcium, carbon, and oxygen (among others), whereas Bio-C Repair evidenced a low concentration of calcium and the highest concentration of zirconium. SEM showed adequate attachment of human dental pulp cells (hDPCS) to vital pulp materials and cytoskeletal alterations were not observed in the presence of material eluates. Remarkably, the undiluted Biodentine group showed higher viability than the control group cells (without eluates) at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h (p < 0.001). Based on the evidence derived from an in vitro cellular study, it was concluded that Bio-C Repair showed excellent cytocompatibility that was similar to Biodentine and ProRoot MTA.
Highlights
The dental pulp is a connective tissue formed by cells residing within a collagen-rich extracellular matrix surrounded by dentin, a mostly inorganic tubular tissue [1]
The EDX analysis performed in the present study was carried out after the setting period of the materials, coinciding with the results shown by Song et al When comparing the composition of Biodentine, both in the regular and protruding areas observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), no differences were observed
Our results showed that Biodentine displayed lower cytocompatibility when compared to untreated cells and the other vital pulp materials
Summary
The dental pulp is a connective tissue formed by cells residing within a collagen-rich extracellular matrix surrounded by dentin, a mostly inorganic tubular tissue [1]. Within the field of endodontics, the different procedures involved in the preservation of pulp vitality and the promotion of its reparative potential are encompassed in the term vital pulp treatment (VPT) [4] These procedures require the use of materials with specific biological properties, such as cytocompatibility, to ensure the survival and proliferation of stem cells present in the viable tissue with reparative potential [5]. Their chemical surface is essential in terms of cytocompatibility, as this layer will be in direct contact with living tissue and different host responses may occur in the cell–biomaterial interface [6,7]. Biomaterials used in VPT should express bioactive properties, thereby liberating calcium and hydroxide ions to form hydroxyapatite on their surface and allow for a mineral attachment to the inorganic component of dentin [8,9,10]
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