Abstract
Resveratrol, a phenolic compound possessing vital biological activities such as anti-cancer, is present abundantly in grape skin, a waste produced during the processing of grape juice. The objectives of this study were to prepare resveratrol-gold nanoparticles and a resveratrol nanoemulsion from grape skin and study their inhibition effects on pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3. The spherical-shaped citrate gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and resveratrol-gold nanoparticles (R-GNPs) were, respectively, prepared with a surface plasmon resonance peak at 528 and 538 nm, mean particle size of 20.8 and 11.9 nm, and zeta-potential at −32.7 and −66.7 mV, by controlling an appropriate concentration of citrate/resveratrol and gold chloride as well as stirring time and temperature. The resveratrol nanoemulsion, composed of soybean oil, Tween 80, and sucrose fatty acid ester in glycerol and water, possessed a high storage stability with a mean particle size of 14.1 nm, zeta-potential of −49.7 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 95.5%. An antiproliferation study revealed that both R-GNPs and resveratrol nanoemulsion could effectively inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3, with the latter showing a higher inhibition effect. Western blot analysis implied that both can down-regulate expressions of cyclin A, cyclin B, CDK1, and CDK2 and up-regulate expressions of p53 and p21, accompanied by enhancing cytochrome C expression, decreasing BcL-2 expression, increasing Bax expression, and leading to the elevation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 activities for cell apoptosis execution. Future research is needed to study the inhibition of pancreatic tumors in vivo by R-GNPs and resveratrol nanoemulsions.
Highlights
IntroductionOne of the major fruits produced in the world, is rich in many vital nutrients such as vitamins and minerals as well as phytochemicals such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, both of which have been demonstrated to possess important biological activities such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, cardioprotection, anticancer, and anti-bacteria [1]
Grape, one of the major fruits produced in the world, is rich in many vital nutrients such as vitamins and minerals as well as phytochemicals such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, both of which have been demonstrated to possess important biological activities such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, cardioprotection, anticancer, and anti-bacteria [1].Of the various phenolic acids and flavonoids, resveratrol was shown to exhibit many physiological functions including anti-inflammation, anticancer, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, anti-diabetes, anti-dyslipidemia, anti-aging and anti-rheumatism [2,3]
Based on the extraction and HPLC method described in a previous study [13], a total of five trans-resveratrol and related stilbenes in grape skin were identified and quantified, with cis-piceid present in the largest amount (4.185 μg/g), followed by trans-piceid (1.643 μg/g), trans-resveratrol (1.539 μg/g), ε-viniferin (1.056 μg/g), and cis-resveratrol (0.293 μg/g)
Summary
One of the major fruits produced in the world, is rich in many vital nutrients such as vitamins and minerals as well as phytochemicals such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, both of which have been demonstrated to possess important biological activities such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, cardioprotection, anticancer, and anti-bacteria [1]. Of the various phenolic acids and flavonoids, resveratrol was shown to exhibit many physiological functions including anti-inflammation, anticancer, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, anti-diabetes, anti-dyslipidemia, anti-aging and anti-rheumatism [2,3]. Resveratrol can undergo a great loss during the processing of grapes into grape juice, one of the most imperative commercial beverage products on the market worldwide. Grape skin, a by-product obtained during the processing of grape juice and often discarded after processing, was shown to contain a significant amount of resveratrol at.
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