Comparative studies on the gill rakers of some marine fishes with different feeding habits

Abstract

The present study aimed to compare between gill rakers of some marine fishes with different feeding habits. A total of 78 specimens in 13 species belonged to 6 fish families: Sparidae (Sparus aurata, Diplodus noct, Rhapdosargus haffara and Boops boops); Family: Mugilidae (Mugil cephalus, Mugil capito and Liza aurata); Family: Siganidae (Siganus rivulatus and Siganus luridus); Family: Synodontidae (Saurida undosquamis and Synodus saurus); Family: Clupeidae (Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus) and Family: Carangidae (Caranx sexfasciatus) were collected by irregular visits from land fish market in different localities of Egyptian Mediterranean Sea and Suez Gulf; during the period from March, 2014 to November, 2014. Results showed that, the first gill arch formed of one piece, consisting of two limbs (upper and lower limbs). The gill arch carried two rows of gill rakers on its concave border and two rows of gill filaments on its convex one. The gill rakers in the anterior row (oral row) are longer, more in number and more developed than that of the posterior row (aboral row). The gill arch in family Sparidae is bow-like shape. The anterior gill rakers on the first gill arch of most sparid species are short, conical in shape adapted to carnivorous feeding. The gill arch of fish species in Mugilidae is mostly crescent-shaped and rarely bow-shaped. The anterior gill rakers on the first gill arch are long and great in number adapted to detritus feeding. The gill arch in family Synodontidae is V shaped. The anterior gill rakers on the first gill arch appeared as clusters of small tooth patches adapted to piscivores feeding. The gill arch in family Siganidae is hook-like shape. The anterior gill rakers on the first gill arch were needle spine in shape with secondary projections adapted to herbivorous feeding. The gill arch in fish species of Clupeidae is V like shape. Gill rakers are well developed and arranged in only one row. They are numerous and elongated adapted to seizing food items in the plankton feeding. The gill arch in fish species of Carangidae is bow-like shape. Gill rakers are moderate in length and number adapted to carnivorous feeding. According to the different feeding habits, the results showed that, the highest average length of the first gill arch (mm) is recorded in carnivore and piscivore fish. The maximum averages number and the length of the anterior gill rakers are recorded in detritivore fish and plankitivore fish. The highest percentages of the anterior gill raker length /gill arch length ratio (%) are recorded in plankitivore fish and detritivore fish. Results showed that, the maximum inter raker space (µm) and the inter raker space/gill arch length (%) is recorded in carnivore fish. The maximum breadth at the raker base (µm) in the anterior row of rakers is recorded in piscivore fish. The highest breadth at the raker base/gill arch length (%) in the anterior row of rakers is recorded in carnivore, piscivore and planktivore fish. The highest posterior gill raker length (µm) and the posterior gill raker length /gill arch length ratio (%) are recorded in detritivore fish. In conclusion: The morphological characters of the gill rakers in the first gill arch were differ in species studied according to different feeding habits. So that, can be used in determine the fish family and feeding habits.