Abstract
Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] is one of the most damaging diseases in Asia. In the northern part of India, the YMD is caused by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV), while in southern India this is caused by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV). The molecular mechanism of YMD resistance in mungbean remains largely unknown. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was conducted between a resistant (PMR-1) and a susceptible (Pusa Vishal) mungbean genotype under infected and control conditions to understand the regulatory network operating between mungbean-YMV. Overall, 76.8 million raw reads could be generated in different treatment combinations, while mapping rate per library to the reference genome varied from 86.78% to 93.35%. The resistance to MYMIV showed a very complicated gene network, which begins with the production of general PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns), then activation of various signaling cascades like kinases, jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroid (BR), and finally the expression of specific genes (like PR-proteins, virus resistance and R-gene proteins) leading to resistance response. The function of WRKY, NAC and MYB transcription factors in imparting the resistance against MYMIV could be established. The string analysis also revealed the role of proteins involved in kinase, viral movement and phytoene synthase activity in imparting YMD resistance. A set of novel stress-related EST-SSRs are also identified from the RNA-Seq data which may be used to find the linked genes/QTLs with the YMD resistance. Also, 11 defence-related transcripts could be validated through quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The identified gene networks have led to an insight about the defence mechanism operating against MYMIV infection in mungbean which will be of immense use to manage the YMD resistance in mungbean.
Highlights
All the raw data were deposited in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) with the accession number PRJNA631469
An adequate number of polymorphic molecular markers is the prerequisite for the success of any molecular breeding program [74, 75] and our study identified 7688 novel SSR motifs with tri- and di-nucleotide repeats as most abundant [26, 76]
The function of WRKY, NAC and MYB transcription factor, Receptor-like kinase (RLK), cytochrome P450, JAZ and LOX genes in imparting the resistance against Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) could be established which will provide a detailed understanding of the Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) resistance mechanisms in mungbean
Summary
Across Asia, mungbean is consumed as a cheap source of protein predominantly in developing countries, playing a remarkable role in the alleviation of protein malnutrition [3, 4]. Mungbean protein and carbohydrate are digestible and create less flatulence compared to other legumes and is a good source of minerals like iron (40–70 ppm) [3, 4]. During 2019, mungbean was cultivated on more than 7.0 million ha area, yielding 3.5 million tonnes of grains primarily from Asian countries and is fast spreading to other parts of the world [1]. In Asia, the major mungbean producing countries include India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam [6]. India is the largest producer of mungbean, with a production of 2.17 million tonnes from 4.32 million ha area. Its average productivity is very low (~502 kg/ha) [7]
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