Abstract
The compositions and contents of metabolites in the pulp tissue play critical roles in the fruit quality for table grape. In this study, the effects of root restriction (RR) on the primary and secondary metabolites of pulp tissue at five developmental stages were studied at the metabolomics level, using “Red Alexandria” grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.) as materials. The main results were as follows: 283 metabolites were annotated by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS); 28 and 16 primary metabolites contents were increased and decreased, and 11 and 19 secondary metabolites contents were increased and decreased, respectively, along the berry development; RR significantly decreased 12 metabolites (four amino acids and derivatives, three organic acids, four flavonoids and one other compound) contents, and improved 40 metabolites (22 amino acids and derivatives, six nucleotides, four carbohydrates, four cofactors, three cinnamic acids and one other compound) accumulation at the different developmental stages. Altogether, our study would be helpful to increase our understanding of grape berry’s responses to RR stress.
Highlights
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) as a non-climacteric and important economical fruit is cultivated worldwide [1,2]
We found that amino acids biosynthesis and metabolism were differentially affected by the RR treatment in grape berry pulp (Figure 4)
Our results show that 283 metabolites were annotated in developing berry pulp tissues using a non-targeted metabolomics approach and compared the metabolomics kinetics of developing berry pulp tissues under RR and RC conditions
Summary
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) as a non-climacteric and important economical fruit is cultivated worldwide [1,2]. The metabolites in the grape berries are mainly divided into two types, primary and secondary metabolites, and many of these metabolites show beneficial effects on human health [4]. Organic acids and amino acids are the main primary metabolites, which are mainly accumulated in pulp tissues. Most of the secondary metabolites, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, are mainly found in the skin tissues [5,6]. A range of biotic and abiotic stresses, such as water deficit [7,8,9], temperature stress [10,11], solar irradiance [6,12], phytohormones [12,13] and pathogen infection [14] affects the compositions and contents of these metabolites during the grape berry development and ripening stages
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