Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L. Mer.), like many cultivated crops, has a relatively narrow genetic base and lacks diversity for some economically important traits. Glycine latifolia (Benth.) Newell & Hymowitz, one of the 26 perennial wild Glycine species related to soybean in the subgenus Glycine Willd., shows high levels of resistance to multiple soybean pathogens and pests including Alfalfa mosaic virus, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. However, limited information is available on the genomes of these perennial Glycine species. To generate molecular resources for gene mapping and identification, high-density linkage maps were constructed for G. latifolia using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated by genotyping by sequencing and evaluated in an F2 population and confirmed in an F5 population. In each population, greater than 2,300 SNP markers were selected for analysis and segregated to form 20 large linkage groups. Marker orders were similar in the F2 and F5 populations. The relationships between G. latifolia linkage groups and G. max and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) chromosomes were examined by aligning SNP-containing sequences from G. latifolia to the genome sequences of G. max and P. vulgaris. Twelve of the 20 G. latifolia linkage groups were nearly collinear with G. max chromosomes. The remaining eight G. latifolia linkage groups appeared to be products of multiple interchromosomal translocations relative to G. max. Large syntenic blocks also were observed between G. latifolia and P. vulgaris. These experiments are the first to compare genome organizations among annual and perennial Glycine species and common bean. The development of molecular resources for species closely related to G. max provides information into the evolution of genomes within the genus Glycine and tools to identify genes within perennial wild relatives of cultivated soybean that could be beneficial to soybean production.
Highlights
Linkage maps constructed from that initial data set represented over 13,000 centimorgans, which was significantly larger than G. max (2,296 to 2,550 cM) and previous G. latifolia (1972 cM) linkage maps [19,43,44,45,46] and likely resulted from errors in calling heterozygous genotypes because of low coverage at some loci
Glycine latifolia is a perennial relative of soybean that is native to eastern Australia with a trailing or twining growth habit [50]
We used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to construct high-density linkage maps for G. latifolia and showed that eight of the 20 G. latifolia linkage groups (LGs) were rearranged relative to G. max chromosomes
Summary
With increasing utilization of soybean for animal feed in countries like China, there is added demand for soybean production [2]. Most of the increased demand for soybean products has been met by expanding the land area devoted to soybean production [3]. It is not clear if the expansion of soybean production areas alone will be able to keep pace with this growing demand. Syd) and Soybean vein necrosis virus in North America [4,5,6], necessitates the identification of novel genes that will enable producers to meet the ever increasing demand for soybean production in the face of changing abiotic and biotic stresses
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