Abstract
A study was conducted at different locations of Multan from March 2016 to April 2017 in which 4 IPM modules were devised for mango in comparison with the control, with the focus of pesticides residues mitigation and maximum yield. Pesticides residues mitigation module (PRMM) were based on the IPM tactics to suppress pest population with no or minimum use insecticides. Each module was applied in an area of 1 acre of mango orchard and pest population was monitored before and after the application of the modules. After the season of the mango was completed the yield was compared of all the modules and yield loss was also calculated in terms of fruit quantity and fruit quality. It was observed that the orchard which was grown under PRMM-2 showed maximum reduction in pest population calculated as much as 92.66% followed by PRMM-1 which was accounted for 86.13% reduction in pest population [1-5]. PRMM-3 reduced the pest population up-to 77.97% followed by PRMM-4 which reduced the pest population to level of 71.43% over control. So, the best results in terms of pest reduction were observed in PRMM-2 which included spray of pesticides along with the use of cultural, mechanical, and attract and kill methods for the mango pests. This module outperformed the chemical method by 21.23% better in terms of pest population reduction while only IPM module with no pesticides used, pest reduction was 14.7% over chemical control methods which are in common practice by most of the farmer community in the country. PRMM-2 produced 25.29% more marketable fruits in comparison of control module while PRMM-1 produced 21.17% more marketable fruits over control. In case of PRMM-3 and PRMM-4 the percentage of surplus marketable produce over control was calculated as 17.21% and 11.47% respectively
Highlights
Mango is an important fruit for its economic, nutritional and aesthetic values so the mango growers applies multiple sprays for the suppression of different insect pests of this fruit [10,11,12,13,14,15]
Melathion as attract and kill method 2) Soft insecticide (Spinosad) along with all the tactics which were used in the first module of IPM, 3) Conventional module included all the regular practices which are being use by the farmers in the field which are in most cases insecticides and fungicide applications along with application of protein hydrolyze with Spinosad as attract and kill method and 4) Chemical method includes spray of synthetic insecticides only and all of these modules were compared with a module where no tactics were applied to suppress the pest population yet all other inputs were applied regularly as applied in other modules
It was observed that the orchard which was grown under Pesticides residues mitigation modules (PRMMs)-2 (IPM+ soft insecticide) showed maximum reduction in pest population calculated as much as 92.66% followed by PRMM-1 (IPM) which was accounted for 86.13% reduction in pest population
Summary
Mango is an important fruit for its economic, nutritional and aesthetic values so the mango growers applies multiple sprays for the suppression of different insect pests of this fruit [10,11,12,13,14,15]. Regardless of the results, application of insecticides brings harm to the quality of the produce I terms of pesticides residues. Integrated pest management which commonly known as IPM is an approach which drives long term and is pooled of divergent approaches [8] such as cultural, biological and rational chemical control methods to diminish the pest populaces to endurable levels when pest populations reach an economic threshold level (ETL) [21,22,23,24]. Considerate and applicable use of economic verdicts is significant while dealing with the pest populations which can increase the output while minimizing the cost in terms of resources and environmental safety [24]
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