Abstract
Karyotypes of Entedon cionobius Thomson, 1878 and Entedon cioni Thomson, 1878 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were studied using DNA-binding ligands with different base specificity (propidium iodide, chromomycin A3, methyl green and DAPI; all these ligands, except for the last one, were used for the first time in parasitic wasps), C-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a 45S rDNA probe and 5-methylcytosine immunodetection. Female karyotypes of both species contain five pairs of relatively large metacentric chromosomes and a pair of smaller acrocentric chromosomes (2n = 12). As in many other Hymenoptera, males of both Entedon Dalman, 1820 species have haploid chromosome sets (n = 6). Fluorochrome staining revealed chromosome-specific banding patterns that were similar between the different fluorochromes, except for the CMA3- and PI-positive and DAPI-negative band in the pericentromeric regions of the long arms of both acrocentric chromosomes. The obtained banding patterns were virtually identical in both species and allowed for the identification of each individual chromosome. C-banding revealed a pattern similar to DAPI staining, although centromeric and telomeric regions were stained more intensively using the former technique. FISH detected a single rDNA site in the same position on the acrocentric chromosomes as the bright CMA3-positive band. Immunodetection of 5-methylcytosine that was performed for the first time in the order Hymenoptera revealed 5-methylcytosine-rich sites in the telomeric, centromeric and certain interstitial regions of most of the chromosomes.
Highlights
Parasitic wasps are a very diverse, taxonomically complicated and economically important group of insects (Rasnitsyn 1980, Heraty et al 2011)
Diploid female karyotypes of these parasitic wasps were comprised of five pairs of relatively large metacentric chromosomes and a pair of smaller acrocentric chromosomes (2n = 12)
G-like banding patterns were observed after the regular G-banding procedure of trypsin pretreatment and Giemsa staining in parasitic wasps that belong to the genus Encarsia Förster, 1878 (Aphelinidae) (Odierna et al 1993, Baldanza et al 1999)
Summary
Parasitic wasps are a very diverse, taxonomically complicated and economically important group of insects (Rasnitsyn 1980, Heraty et al 2011). They attack many insect species, including important agriculture and forestry pests. The estimated number of potentially described species of parasitic Hymenoptera far exceeds 600,000 (Heraty 2009) or even approaches one million (Quicke 1997), but chromosomal analysis has only been performed on approximately four hundred species (Gokhman 2009). Karyotypes of most species of parasitic Hymenoptera have only been studied using routine chromosomal staining. Trichogramma kaykai Pinto et Stouthamer, 1997 (Trichogrammatidae) remains the only parasitic wasp species that has been studied using this technique (Van Vugt et al 2005, 2009)
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