Abstract
This article examines the performance of various energy storage systems (ESS) in a traditional load frequency control (LFC) interconnected system. ESS like capacitive systems (CS), battery systems (BS), ultra-capacitors (UC), redox flow batteries (RFB) and their combinations are explored. The explored system comprises of conventional three-area thermal with realistic dish-striling solar thermal system (RDSTS) in area-1, precise wind turbine system (PWTS) in area-2 and RDTS-PWTS in area-3. The performance of cascaded PI with PIDN as a secondary controller is employed for the first time. The controller values are simultaneously optimized by hybrid crow search algorithm (HCSA). The effect of introducing RES like RDSTS and PWTS have been studied, and the results shows that RES leads to superior dynamics over thermal. A novel performance index namely HPA-ISE is anticipated and shows improves responses over ISE. Also, investigations are carried on optimal AHVDC and ESS locations. Moreover, the responses with AC-AHVDC and ESS highlights the predominance of ESS over AC-AHVDC and thermal systems. Further, studies comparing other ESS reveal that RFB performs them. Furthermore, when RFB is combined with UC and CS, it is discovered that RFB-UC produces better results.
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