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Abstract
G1P[8] rotaviruses are responsible for the majority of human rotavirus infections worldwide. The effect of universal mass vaccination with rotavirus vaccines on circulating G1P[8] rotaviruses is still poorly understood. Therefore we analyzed the complete genomes of the Rotarix™ vaccine strain, and 70 G1P[8] rotaviruses, detected between 1999 and 2010 in Belgium (36 before and 34 after vaccine introduction) to investigate the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on circulating G1P[8] strains. All rotaviruses possessed a complete Wa-like genotype constellation, but frequent intra-genogroup reassortments were observed as well as multiple different cluster constellations circulating in a single season. In addition, identical cluster constellations were found to circulate persistently over multiple seasons. The Rotarix™ vaccine strain possessed a unique cluster constellation that was not present in currently circulating G1P[8] strains. At the nucleotide level, the VP6, VP2 and NSP2 gene segments of Rotarix™ were relatively distantly related to any Belgian G1P[8] strain, but other gene segments of Rotarix™ were found in clusters also containing circulating Belgian strains. At the amino acid level, the genetic distance between Rotarix™ and circulating Belgian strains was considerably lower, except for NSP1. When we compared the Belgian G1P[8] strains collected before and after vaccine introduction a reduction in the proportion of strains that were found in the same cluster as the Rotarix™ vaccine strain was observed for most gene segments. The reduction in the proportion of strains belonging to the same cluster may be the result of the vaccine introduction, although natural fluctuations cannot be ruled out.
Highlights
Rotavirus A (RVA) is the most important etiological agent for diarrhea in children under 5 years of age worldwide (Tate et al, 2012)
In total 36 G1P[8] strains were collected before vaccine introduction and 34 were collected after vaccine introduction according to the selection criteria described above
Rotavirus vaccines have been introduced in many countries around the world (Patel et al, 2012), but rotaviruses still remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality
Summary
Rotavirus A (RVA) is the most important etiological agent for diarrhea in children under 5 years of age worldwide (Tate et al, 2012). The most common genotypes are G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8] (Bányai et al, 2012). An extension of this dual classification system comprises all eleven segments and revealed the existence of two major genotype constellations in humans, often referred as Wa-like and DS-1-like (Matthijnssens et al, 2008). The Wa-like genotype constellation is the most important and over 90% of all infections are caused by rotaviruses belonging to this genotype constellation (Bányai et al, 2012; Matthijnssens & Van Ranst, 2012)
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