Abstract
Drifting and inundating brown seaweed Sargassum horneri biomass is called “golden tide”, as it resembles golden massive algal blooms like green tides. This phenomenon occurs globally and its serious ecological impacts on coastal ecosystems have recently begun to be paid attention to. In the present study, by sequencing whole organelle genomes of Korean indigenous S. horneri, we aimed to develop novel molecular markers that can be used for differentiating indigenous from nonindigenous individuals. To this end, we analyzed sequence polymorphisms in mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes of two Korean benthic samples in comparison to Chinese ones as a reference. We mapped mt genomes of 34,620~34,628 bp and cp genomes of 123,982~124,053 bp for the Korean samples. In comparative analyses, mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (cox2) gene showed the highest number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between Korean and Chinese individuals. NADH dehydrogenase subunit 7 (Nad7)-proline tRNA (trnP) intergenic spacer (IGS) in the mt genome showed a 14 bp insertion or deletion (indel) mutation. For the cp genome, we found a total of 54 SNPs, but its overall evolution rate was approximately four-fold lower than the mt genome. Interestingly, analysis of Ka/Ks ratio in the cp genome revealed a signature of positive selection on several genes, although only negative selection prevalent in mt genome. The ‘candidate’ genetic markers that we found can be applied to discriminate between Korean indigenous and nonindigenous individuals. This study will assist in developing a molecular-based early detection method for effectively managing nonindigenous S. horneri in Korean waters.
Highlights
Drifting and inundating brown macroalgae Sargassum biomass followed by its local blooming is called “golden tide”, as it resembles golden massive shoaling algal blooms like green tides.This phenomenon takes place globally and annually, and the urgency of its damaging impacts on Sustainability 2020, 12, 7280; doi:10.3390/su12187280 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability12, 7280 x FOR PEER REVIEW22 of of 14 phenomenon takes place globally and annually, and the urgency of its damaging impacts on the the local economy and coastal ecosystems has recently begun to be paid attention to [1]
The cp genomes of Korean S. horneri exhibited a size of 123,982 bp (JD) and 124,053 bp (SC), respectively
Jindo Island (JD)’s cp genome was mapped as a canonical quadripartite structure with two 5436 bp inverted repeat regions (IRs), which divided the circular molecule into a small single-copy region (SSC: 39,790 bp) and a large single-copy region (LSC: 73,320 bp)
Summary
Drifting and inundating brown macroalgae Sargassum biomass followed by its local blooming is called “golden tide”, as it resembles golden massive shoaling algal blooms like green tides.This phenomenon takes place globally and annually, and the urgency of its damaging impacts on Sustainability 2020, 12, 7280; doi:10.3390/su12187280 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability12, 7280 x FOR PEER REVIEW22 of of 14 phenomenon takes place globally and annually, and the urgency of its damaging impacts on the the local economy and coastal ecosystems has recently begun to be paid attention to [1]. Drifting and inundating brown macroalgae Sargassum biomass followed by its local blooming is called “golden tide”, as it resembles golden massive shoaling algal blooms like green tides. This phenomenon takes place globally and annually, and the urgency of its damaging impacts on Sustainability 2020, 12, 7280; doi:10.3390/su12187280 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability. Its periodical outbreaks since 2013 have been reported in many parts of the world including Mexico, the Caribbean, outbreaks since 2013 have been reported in many parts of the world including Mexico, the Caribbean, West Africa, and Northeast Asia (northwestern Pacific), including Japan, China and Korea [1,2].
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