Comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles isolated from human mesenchymal stem cells by different isolation methods and visualisation of their uptake

Abstract

Various types of cells secrete extracellular vesicle (EVs) which contain proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and play important roles in inter-cellular signalling and pathological processes to impact the recipient cells. EVs have demonstrated their potential as biomarkers for disease and as therapeutic agents in regenerative medicine. In recent times, EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are widely used as a promising medicinal product in many clinical applications, are being tested in many preclinical trials. However, the lack of standardization of MSC-derived EV isolation and analysis methods, restricts the utility of MSC-derived EVs in the clinical setting. Here, we focused on optimising the isolation method for EVs derived from MSCs. Four samples of EVs were isolated from human adipose derived MSC culture medium by differential ultracentrifugation with three different ultracentrifuge durations to investigate the influence of ultracentrifuge time on quality and quantity of MSC-derived EVs. Additionally, we used a commercial kit to extract EVs from MSC cultured medium and compared it with the ultracentrifugation method. The EV samples were then characterised for particle concentration, protein concentration, size distribution and the presence of known EV protein markers, by western blot and flow cytometry. A comparison of these results for the five samples demonstrated that 1 h of differential ultracentrifugation was optimal to isolate high quality and quantity of MSC-derived EVs from MSC cultured medium. Additionally, fluorescence imaging of the freshly isolated vs frozen EVs showed that freshly isolated EVs are taken up by cells more efficiently than frozen EVs. These finding establish a simple and reliable method of EV isolation from MSCs.