Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of four distinct compact fractal antennas for utilization in ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The proposed antennas consist primarily of a ground plane and a patch featuring various fractal structures. Since their introduction in 1995, fractal antennas have found widespread use in diverse applications. These antennas are renowned for offering large band-widths. In this study, four fractal antennas were designed to operate within the frequency range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. All four antennas have dimensions of 28 mm × 28 mm × 1.6 mm. The antenna units are designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio. The study incorporates several fractal shapes, namely hexagonal, septagonal, octagonal, and decagonal, in the antenna design. The initial step involves determining the dimensions of the fractals using Descartes' theorem, employing circular fractals as a basis. Subsequently, by adjusting the number of segments, the remaining fractal antennas are constructed. From the results, it is observed that the decagonal antenna exhibits superior performance in terms of gain, return losses, and group delay. Consequently, the decagonal antenna is selected for fabrication. The decagonal antenna exhibits a gain of 5.35 dB, and the group delay in the entire frequency band is less than 2 ns. All the antennas operate in the frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz.
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