Abstract
The Internet of Thing (IoT) and fifth-generation mobile communication networks (5G) are leading towards a paradigm shift by proving seamless connectivity to a large number of devices. The applications of IoT in smart cities have further attracted local authorities to adopt technologies such as driverless cars, smart parking and smart waste management. This paper presents a compact base station antenna design with enhanced directivity/gain for ultra-wideband (UWB)/5G embraced real-time location systems (RTLS) based smart parking of driverless cars. The proposed base station antenna is based on image theory to achieve enhanced directivity and narrower beam width without using more array elements to keep smaller dimensions. Moreover, the base station antenna consists of an antipodal dipole printed on the opposite side of Rogers 4350 substrate, and a metal plate carefully designed and placed to produce a mirror image in order to achieve a high value of directivity in a specified direction. The advantage behind the antipodal dipole configuration is to avoid the use of extra balun for impedance matching. The half-power beamwidth of 110° is achieved along with 7 dB gain by placing a reflector plane at the distance of $0.25~\lambda \text{o}$ from the proposed antipodal dipole antenna. Also, this antenna provides a bandwidth ranging from 6 to 7.25 GHz, which can be used for UWB or 5G based RTLS systems. Furthermore, the proposed compact antenna design will help to improve the localization accuracy of ultra- wideband RTLS systems for smart parking applications of autonomous cars.
Highlights
5G mobile communication technology in collaboration with Internet of Things (IoT) producing a paradigm shift by providing connectivity to billions of devices with enhanced data rate up to 100s of Mb/s and latency up to 1 ms [1], [2]. 5G is no longer a dream but becomes today’s reality and realizes many abstract visualizations into veracity by innovating a huge number of applications such as remote healthcareThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Akram Alomainy .monitoring [3], remote surgery, autonomous or driverless cars, smart cities [4], [5], smart waste management, smart parking solutions, smart homes, smart spaces [6] and IoT
The first 5G standardization milestone known as 5G new radio (5G NR) has marked 5G as key backbone technology to enable to Internet of Everything (IoE)
Sharif et al.: Compact Base Station Antenna Based on Image Theory for UWB/5G real-time location systems (RTLS) Embraced Smart Parking of Driverless Cars
Summary
In this paper, a compact base station antenna design with enhanced directivity is proposed for ultra-wideband(UWB)/5G embraced real-time location systems (RTLS) based smart parking of driverless or VOLUME 7, 2019 The proposed base station antenna was based on image theory to achieve enhanced directivity and narrower beamwidth without using more number of array elements in order to keep smaller dimensions.
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