Abstract
Recent advances in flow injection analysis, including the introduction of zone-sampling and zone-trapping processes and the incorporation of ion exchangers, have involved electronically operated injector/commutators. Other techniques based on manual commutation, such as manifold modifications and intermittent and alternating streams, have been reported. A comprehensive review of these techniques is given. The use of commutation for difference injection procedures (loop-based, time-based, hydrodynamic, sequential and nested injection) is emphasized. An alternative stopped-flow approach without stopping the pump is suggested.
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