Abstract
Studying contemporary and subfossil Cladocera (Crustacea) communities, we explored the effect of top-down stressors on the cladoceran communities; we are also interested in the coherence of the contemporary and subfossil communities. The studied Cibakháza oxbow lake is in E Hungary, on the left-floodplain of the River Tisza; it is a large, long, and shallow oxbow lake. Three areas of the oxbow lake were distinguished based on the strength of top-down stress: protected area with low top-down stress, biomanipulated area with high top-down stress, and recreational area with moderate top-down stress. Altogether, we identified 28 taxa in the contemporary and subfossil communities in the oxbow lake. We found that the species number of the contemporary Cladocera communities was lower (protected area: 13; biomanipulated area: 9, and recreational area: 14) than in the subfossil communities (protected area: 20; biomanipulated area: 16, and recreational area: 14). Among the environmental variables, we observed differences between the protected and biomanipulated area, while the recreational area showed a transition. Species number, abundances, and Simpson diversity also showed the effect of the fish introduction. There were no differences in beta-diversity among the contemporary and subfossil Cladocera community. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination showed that the biomanipulated area in the case of the contemporary communities was separated from the other areas, while in the case of the subfossil communities, there was no separation according to top-down stress. Our results showed that the number of species of contemporary Cladocera communities was lower in each area (3–10; 3–9; 5–9) compared to the subfossil communities (6–17; 7–12; 8–12). However, the highest abundances were found in the biomanipulated area due to the appearance of small-sized Cladocera species. Our findings suggest that the effect of a short-time fish introduction is restorable when the oxbow lake has a protected part.
Highlights
Over the whole world, many aquatic ecosystems have been affected by significant transformation.Numerous studies highlight the disturbance of freshwater systems as the effect of natural and anthropogenic pressure
These oxbow lakes are endowed with many ecosystem services and have a substantial impact on the ecology, biodiversity, and social-economy of the surrounding localities, which makes them a priority for research and conservation [7,8]
The oxbow lake was divided into three separate areas to explore the effect of biomanipulation The oxbow lake was divided into three separate areas to explore the effect of biomanipulation (Figure S1)
Summary
Many aquatic ecosystems have been affected by significant transformation.Numerous studies highlight the disturbance of freshwater systems as the effect of natural and anthropogenic pressure. Numerous research works have focused on zooplankton dynamics in freshwater and marine ecosystems [4], emphasizing the importance of zooplankton species in the maintenance of food webs [5], serving as a food source for different aquatic animals [6] These oxbow lakes are endowed with many ecosystem services and have a substantial impact on the ecology, biodiversity, and social-economy of the surrounding localities, which makes them a priority for research and conservation [7,8]. These environments are ecotones between lotic [9] and lentic [10] and have regular lateral water connectivity to the main river. Oxbow lakes create a multiplicity of habitats and feeding grounds for various organisms such as birds, fishes, amphibians, macroinvertebrates, phytoplankton, and zooplankton [13,14]
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