Abstract
The mammalian skeleton is a metabolically active organ that continuously undergoes bone remodeling, a process of tightly coupled bone resorption and formation throughout life. Recent studies have expanded our knowledge about the interactions between cells within bone marrow in bone remodeling. Macrophages resident in bone (BMMs) can regulate bone metabolism via secreting numbers of cytokines and exosomes. This review summarizes the current understanding of factors, exosomes, and hormones that involved in the communications between BMMs and other bone cells including mensenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and so on. We also discuss the role of BMMs and potential therapeutic approaches targeting BMMs in bone remodeling related diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteosarcoma.
Highlights
Macrophages are diverse, multifunctional, and plastic cells that regulate tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions and in various pathophysiological processes according to the surrounding environment.Macrophages can be divided into circulating and resident macrophages
This review focuses on the presence of macrophages in endosseous tissue, revealing the important role of macrophages in bone physiology and pathology
Macrophage derived exosomes contain miRNAs and alarmins, all of them can through diverses signal pathways or release relative cytokines to participate in variety organs metabolism, including bone remodeling
Summary
Macrophages are diverse, multifunctional, and plastic cells that regulate tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions and in various pathophysiological processes according to the surrounding environment.Macrophages can be divided into circulating and resident macrophages. Tissue-resident macrophages express a large number of cell surface receptors, growth factors, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and many other cell products (Jamalpoor et al, 2018). Combining INF-γ with another proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-β, IL-1β) activates bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in damaged or inflammatory tissue, leading to increased secretion of various chemokines (Figure 2) (Ren et al, 2008).
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