Common garlic (Allium sativum L.) has potent Anti-Bacillus anthracis activity

This study investigated the effects of aqueous garlic extract (Allium sativum) on testicular morphology and function in lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2)-treated albino rats. Twenty four male albino rats, divided randomly into four groups of six rats per group, were used. Group A rats served as the control and received neither Pb(NO3)2 nor aqueous garlic extract (AGE) treatment. The treatments to the remaining three rat groups were as follows: group B, 300 mg/kg body weight of AGE; group C, 2 mg/kg body weight of Pb(NO3)2; and group D, 2 mg/kg body weight of Pb(NO3)2, and 300 mg/kg body weight of AGE 2 h later. Both the AGE and Pb(NO3)2 were orally given to these rats every 48 h for a period of 6 weeks. The testicular and epididymal (left and right sides) sperm reserves and the histomorphological features of the testes of the rats in the treatment groups were compared to the control rats. Results showed that testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in rats that received only Pb(NO3)2 treatment. AGE ameliorated the changes in testicular morphology and function associated with Pb(NO3)2 treatment in group D rats. Garlic in this study enhanced spermatogenesis as evidenced from the significant (P < 0.05) increase in the epididymal (left and right sides) sperm reserves of the group B rats. This implies that garlic may serve as an agent that could be used in improving male fertility.

This study was designed to investigate testicular and male reproductive tract histopathologies and lipid profile against di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) exposure in mice and curative potentials of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract. Four groups (n=10) were named and treated as follow (a) control (C): (normal feed and drinking water + 0.2ml corn oil); (b) aqueous garlic extract group (AGE): (500 mg/kg body weight of aqueous garlic extract); (c) DEHP group: (500 mg/kg body weight of DEHP, dissolved in corn oil; (d) AGE + DEHP group (500 mg/kg body weight garlic aqueous extract, and DEHP 500 mg/kg body weight dissolved in corn oil). The doses were given once daily through gavages for 28 days and on the 29th day, all the animals were euthanized through cervical dislocation and reproductive organs and blood samples were collected. The results showed that exposure to DEHP caused a significant effect on body weight, testicular weight, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid profile, average cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the seminiferous tubule, ACSA of the lumen of seminiferous tubule, spermatogenic cells, Leydig's cells number, vas deferens diameter, lumen, muscular thickness, and epithelial cell height of vas deferens. This study revealed that exposure to DEHP can be injurious to male reproductive health and aqueous garlic extract can decrease the toxic effects of DEHP in male mice.

This study was designed to determine the effects of Garlic and Neem leaf aqueous extracts on their individual basis and/ or mixture on humoral immune response of broilers against NDV (Newcastle Disease Virus) Vaccine. One hundred and sixty day old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four groups A, B, C and D. All the birds were raised in individual cages beneath the same house operating under conventional deep litter system. Group A was regarded as control received neither of the extracts. Group B, C and D were treated with 5g Garlic, 5g Neem leaf and a mixture of 2.5g Garlic and 2.5g Neem leaf extracts respectively mixed per liter of drinking water for the first 3 weeks and the experimental birds lasted for 8 weeks. The birds from all the groups were vaccinated with ND- La Sota vaccine orally at 21 day old. Ten blood samples were taken from each group on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 after the vaccination. The serum antibody level against NDV was measured by HI test. Better immune response (p 0.05) between the treated groups. Present findings suggest that aqueous extracts of garlic and neem leaf enhanced the immunomodulatory response to live ND vaccine.

To better understand Allium sativum’s anti-angiogenesis activity, we undertook this study to examine its effect on the ex vivo rat aortic ring and the in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane. Additionally, we compare Allium sativum’s anti-angiogenesis activity to melatonin and study the benefits of their combination. The study included six albino male rats (aged 5–7 weeks). The rats were euthanized, and then the thoracic aorta was removed and cut into rings that were 1 mm thick. The study was divided into three groups: a negative control (1% v/v DMSO), a positive control (100 μg/mL melatonin), and an aqueous Allium sativum extract. The test compounds were subjected to serial dilutions to obtain 100, 50, 25, 12.25, and 6.25 μg/mL concentrations. In addition, the in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane was also undertaken. Allium sativum and melatonin significantly inhibited the rat aorta ring; the IC50 was calculated (IC50 = 8.04 for Allium sativum and 3.313 for melatonin). The zone of inhibition for melatonin, Allium sativum, and the combination showed that the combination had the strongest effect on the CAM assay. This zone scored (++) and (+++), respectively. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of Allium sativum provides a potent anti-angiogenesis effect, and its combination with melatonin had a synergistic effect, further enhancing its anti-angiogenesis effect.

The effect of pre-incubation of either Candida or buccal epithelial cells (BEC) with different concentrations of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) was investigated, as well as the effect of mouth rinse with AGE on the adhesion of yeast to BEC. Adhesion of Candida spp. to BEC was significantly reduced after both short and long time exposure of yeast to AGE. A similar inhibition of adherence was observed upon preincubation of BEC with AGE. The adherence-inhibition activity of AGE treatment was antagonized by thiols such as L-cysteine, glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol. In addition, germ-tube formation was suppressed when C. albicans cells were pretreated with AGE. There was a significant reduction in the adherence of yeasts to BEC collected immediately or 15 min after an oral rinse with AGE. No statistical significance in the adhesion of BEC collected 30 min after oral rinse with AGE and control BEC was observed. The diminished adherence of C. albicans to BEC after exposure to various concentrations of garlic may have clinical relevance.

This study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract of Allium Sativum (ASEt) in normal and alloxan induced hyperglycaemic rats. Hyperglycaemia was induced in the animals by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate dissolved in sterile normal saline in a dose of 150mg/kg body weight. After 48 hours of the injection, rats with hyperglycaemia were used for the study. Blood samples were collected from the tail of the rats and blood glucose concentration was determined using a glucometer. The rats were divided into groups I &#8211; VI. Different concentrations of the extract per kilogram body weight were administered orally to different groups for seven consecutive days. Results showed that ASEt significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lowered the fasting blood glucose dose dependently in alloxan induced hyperglycaemic rats, and in normoglycaemic rats that received 1000mg/kg/day of ASEt. However, Allium sativum showed no significant (P &gt; 0.05) reduction in the fasting blood glucose of normoglycaemic rats that received 500mg/kg/day of ASEt.Keywords: Allium Sativum; Hypoglycaemic activity; Diabetes mellitus

Background:The role of Gram-negative anaerobic periodontal pathogens in periodontal diseases has led to the loss of tooth-supporting structures. These diseases can be prevented by the inhibition of bacterial biofilm on the tooth surfaces. Many treatment modalities have been tried to prevent periodontal diseases. With the rise in resistance to synthetic antimicrobials, there is a requirement to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of periodontitis.Aim:The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) and guava (Psidium guajava) extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using time-kill assay.Materials and Methods:Aqueous garlic extract (AGaE), ethanolic garlic extract (EGaE), aqueous guava extract (AGuE), and ethanolic guava extract (EGuE) were prepared. Time-kill assays were performed on P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of guava and garlic were compared to assess the maximum bactericidal potency.Results:The comparison of time-kill assay of AGaE and AGuE on P. gingivalis showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 5.29, P < 0.01), 4 h (t = −4.867, P < 0.01), and 6 h (t = −3.647, P < 0.001). The comparison of time-kill assay of EGaE and EGuE on A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a statistically significant difference at 2 h (t = 4.54, P < 0.01) and highly significant difference at 4 h (t = 6.57, P < 0.001).Conclusions:The, judicious use of these phytomedicinal products could be cost-effective and also the adverse effects caused due to the long-term usage of synthetic antimicrobials can be avoided.

Coronary heart disease is one of the deadliest cardiovascular disease in the world. Recent studies have shown an increase in aspirin resistance as a gold standard therapy causing recurrent heart attacks. Antiplatelet of natural resources thus need to be explored. Garlic (Allium sativum) is known to be effective as an antiplatelet, but the problem arose after consuming garlic prolonged is the presence of unpleasant breath and body odor which reduces patient compliance in therapy. Black Garlic is a product made of garlic which tastes delicious and does not smell pungent like raw garlic. There has been no study of Black Garlic as an antiplatelet before. The aim of this research was to determine the antiplatelet activities of aqueous extract of garlic (AEG) and Black Garlic (AEBG) and to evaluate their differences in human blood in vitro. This research was designed to be experimental posttest only, which was performed in 10 groups, namely the vehicle controls, positive controls, as well as the concentration groups of AEG and AEBG (each 1-4μg/μL). The antiplatelet activity was tested using the Born method, which measured the plasma uptake before and after induced with Papain. Evaluation was done by calculating the percent inhibition of platelet aggregation of the concentration groups relative to vehicle controls. The results showed that both AEG and AEBG have antiplatelet activities ([H=16.664; 5 df; p=0.005] and [H=16.225; 5 df; p=0.006] respectively). The inhibition of platelet aggregation is also shown to be significantly different in both samples [H=21.693; 7 d.f; p=0.003].

This work reports the antibacterial effect of aqueous garlic ( Allium sativum ) extract on certain pathogenic Gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Streptococcus faecalis , and Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter haemolyticus and determined the optimal conditions for storage of garlic extract. The results have revealed that, a concentration of 750 to 1000 µg/ml of the aqueous garlic extract has high antibacterial effect. Storage for 6 h at 30-50 °C, was found to have optimal efficacy for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, while a storage temperature of 70-100°C led to loss of the efficacy of aqueous garlic extract. Key Words: Aqueous garlic extract, antibacterial effect, pathogenic bacteria. East & Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.6(1) 2003: 9-14

Sunlight based irradiation strategy for rapid green synthesis of highly stable silver nanoparticles using aqueous garlic ( Allium sativum) extract and their antibacterial potential

Functional and nutraceutical foods are gaining popularity worldwide due to the consumer trend towards natural cure by means of dietary modifications. In 20th Century, nutritionists of the Western world focused mainly on the identification, isolation and purification of nutrients essential for human growth and development. Garlic (Allium sativum), is one of the most essential vegetables providing health benefits due to array of bioactive compounds. These bioactive moieties are responsible for curing various lifestyle related disorders like hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity and cancer insurgence. In this context, aqueous garlic extraction was carried out followed by in vivo modeling. Efficacy study was conducted by providing aqueous garlic extract along with basal diet on rabbits for a period of 28 days. Accordingly, four groups were made providing different concentrations of aqueous garlic extract (control, 3, 6 and 9 mL/kg body weight). Functional garlic extract containing water soluble active compounds resulted in significant reduction in total cholesterol and LDL level indicating their effectiveness against hypercholesterolemic perspectives and allied discrepancies. Likewise, serum glucose level was also substantially reduced by aqueous garlic extract. From the present investigation, it was deduced that different concentrations of aqueous garlic extract were effective against hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Key words: Functional food, nutraceutical foods, aqueous garlic extract, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemic perspectives.

This research investigates the antibacterial effect of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract on certain pathogenic gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. saprophyticus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Strept. faecalis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter haemolyticus) bacteria, and determines the optimal conditions for extraction of these materials. The results reveal that a concentration of 750 to 1000 μg/ml of the aqueous garlic extract has high antibacterial effect, which reached 100% with some exceptions. 6 hours after extraction and 30–50 °C were found to be the optimal conditions to reach the optimal efficacy for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Temperatures of 70–100 °C led to loss in efficacy of aqueous garlic extract. In general, there is high antibacterial efficacy for aqueous garlic extract against certain pathogenic bacteria, although the response varied with the different bacteria, concentration of the extract, storage period and temperature.

In vitro and in vivo reduction of sodium arsenite induced toxicity by aqueous garlic extract

The present work aims to identify, determine the presence and quantities of the chemical groups contained in the aqueous extract of Allium sativum, and to evaluate its cytotoxicity in order to justify its multiple biological activities and its therapeutic indications in traditional medicine for better evaluation in human health. An in vitro study was carried out at the bacteriology laboratory of the Central Hospital of Yaoundé and at the Nutrition and Nutritional Biochemistry laboratory of the University of Yaoundé 1. An aqueous extract of Allium sativum was prepared by cold maceration. To highlight the presence or absence of secondary metabolites, specific qualitative phytochemical tests based on discoloration, precipitation or turbidity reactions were carried out, using the methods of Pascual et al. [1] and [2]. The characterization of the chemical constituents was done by specific reactions. The investigation for these phytochemical groups were carried out on the aqueous extract following the protocols usually used the methods of Singleton et al. [3], Ghorai et al. [4] and Fernanda et al. [5]. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the extract was evaluated on Raw cells 264.7 murine macrophage cell lines, provided by the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research at the University of Ghana. The cells were maintained in continuous culture in the laboratory and subsequently used for the cytotoxicity test. The evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the aqueous extract of Allium sativum and the positive control (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) were carried out on macrophage cells of the Raw-264.7 line using the cytotoxic concentration method (CC50). The aqueous extract had a yield of 37.84%. The CC50 value for the aqueous extract of Allium sativum is greater than 1000 μg/mL, while for Dimethyl Sulfoxide (5%) the CC50 value is 0.08275 ± 0.00367 μg/mL. At the end of this study, we were able to evaluate the phytochemical screening of the plant. It appears that our extract contains high amounts of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids. These results suggest an interesting potential of our extract with potential antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, vasculoprotective, antispasmodic, antioxidant and/or immunomodulatory properties. No significant cytotoxic effect of the aqueous extract of Allium sativum was observed on murine macrophages. These results suggest that the plant can be used in traditional therapeutic treatments. Furthermore, a more in-depth study by phytochemical sorting followed by chromatography will allow us to isolate the active molecules of Allium sativum in order to justify its multiple biological activities, its therapeutic indications in traditional medicine and in order to offer an available and affordable phytomedicine. accessible to the global community.

This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effectiveness of garlic products on fungi associated with cowpea, sorghum, maize, and groundnut seeds. The in-vivo evaluation involved a seed culture bioassay treated with garlic aqueous extract, while the in vitro antifungal activity of the extract on the radial growth of isolated fungi was determined using the agar well diffusion method. The treatments included garlic powder, garlic paste, garlic powder + molasses, garlic aqueous extracts at 100%, garlic aqueous extracts + adjuvant, and Thiram® (a synthetic fungicide). On untreated cowpea seeds, Aspergillus niger was the most frequently isolated fungal species, with an incidence of 61.5%. Cowpea seeds treated with 100% garlic extracts showed zero incidence of fungal colonies, whereas sorghum seeds + garlic aqueous extract displayed only A. niger. The in vitro study revealed that the inhibitory effect of 100% garlic aqueous extracts + adjuvant on the radial growth inhibition of A. niger, A. flavus, and P. chrysogenum was 78.86%, 70.40%, and 67.36%, respectively. In contrast, the inhibition by garlic powder + molasses and the control was significantly lower (p≤0.05) than other treatments. In conclusion, this study suggests that garlic extracts could be a potential source of organically-based natural fungicides for safeguarding crop seeds.