Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.
Highlights
Received: 23 November 2021Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, which is caused by the lack or ineffective use of insulin produced by the body [1]
According to the magnitude of the output current produced by glucose, the glucose is 100%, the glucose solutions like mannitol, sorbitol, fructose and xylitol can be neglected in artificial saliva, and the galactose is only 0.265%
Since the sensor works in the oral cavity, the researchers ensure that the result is stable until four rounds of cleaning, which indicates that the sensor has excellent waterproofness
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, which is caused by the lack or ineffective use of insulin produced by the body [1]. Patients suffering from diabetes can be categorized in three groups: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D), where the body produces no or too little insulin; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D), caused by an insulin resistance and Gestational Diabetes. The normal range of fasting blood glucose is between 70 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL [4,5]. Blood glucose levels (BGL) below 70 mg/dL are called hypoglycemia, whereas levels above. In case the glucose level differs from the normal range, it can cause an adverse influence on the heart, the blood vessels, the eyes, the kidneys and the nerves [1] as well as circulatory system problems
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