Abstract
PurposeThese comments suggest a division of radiation protective agents on the grounds of their mechanism of action that increase the radio resistance of an organism.ConclusionGiven below is the division of radiation protective agents on the basis of their mechanism of action into 3 groups: 1) Radiation protective agents, with the implementation of radiation protective action taking place at the cellular level in the course of rapidly proceeding radiation-chemical reactions. At the same time, when the ionizing radiation energy is absorbed, these agents partially neutralize the “oxygen effect” as a radiobiological phenomenon, especially in the radiolysis of DNA; 2) Radiation protective agents that exert their effect at the system level by accelerating the post-radiation recovery of radiosensitive tissues through activation of a number of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and an increase in the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors, including their use as mitigators in the early period after irradiation prior to the clinical development of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). 3) Radiomodulators including drugs and nutritional supplements that can elevate the resistance of the organism to adverse environmental factors, including exposure to ionization by means of modulating the gene expression through a hormetic effect of small doses of stressors and a “substrate” maintenance of adaptive changes, resulting in an increased antioxidant protection of the organism. Radiation protective agents having polyvalence in implementation of their action may simultaneously induce radioprotective effect by various routes with a prevalence of basis mechanisms of the action.
Highlights
ConclusionGiven below is the division of radiation protective agents on the basis of their mechanism of action into 3 groups: 1) Radiation protective agents, with the implementation of radiation protective action taking place at the cellular level in the course of rapidly proceeding radiation-chemical reactions
Clinical radiotherapy of tumors demands a knowledge of the potential effectiveness of radiation protective agents to reduce radiation damage to healthy tissues, as well as knowledge of their impact on the radiosensitivity of tumor tissues
For most of these agents applied in practical medicine it is possible to distinguish three main pathways for the implementation of the mechanism of action, each of which has their own specificity in predetermining the pharmacodynamic properties and possible methods in their practical application (Vasin 1999, 2012)
Summary
For most of these agents, it is possible to distinguish three main pathways for the implementation of the mechanism of action, each of which have their own specificity in predetermining the pharmacodynamic properties and possible methods in their practical application: 1) radiation protective agents, with the implementation of radiation protective action taking place at the cellular level in the course of rapidly proceeding radiation-chemical reactions. At the same time, when the ionizing radiation energy is absorbed, these agents partially neutralize the “oxygen effect” as a radiobiological phenomenon, especially in the radiolysis of DNA; 2) radiation protective agents that exert their effect at the system level by accelerating the post-radiation recovery of radiosensitive tissues through activation of a number of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and an increase in the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors, including their use as mitigators in the early period after irradiation prior to the clinical development of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Indralin, a radioprotector with urgent action can act as a mitigator (Ilyin et al 1994; Vasin et al 2008a, b, 2014b), while the radioprotector amifostine is capable of stimulating the antioxidant system of the body through the activation of Mn-SOD (Grdina et al 2009), and the radiomodulator α-tocopherol succinate, at very high doses, possibly acting as a pro-oxidant, induces G-CSF mobilization (Singh et al 2010).
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