Abstract
BackgroundPostmenopausal women experience adverse physiological changes caused by estrogen deprivation. Here, we hypothesized that the administration of isoflavone, a phytoestrogn, and/or physical exercise could reverse changes in the levels of hepatic enzymes disturbed by loss of estrogen to ameliorate postmenopause-related health problems.MethodsThirty-week-old female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: a sham-operated (SHAM) group, ovariectomized groups on a regular diet with exercise (EXE) and without exercise (OVX), and ovariectomized groups on an isoflavone supplemented diet with (ISO + EXE) and without exercise (ISO). Proteomic tools were employed to identify candidate hepatic proteins that were differentially expressed among the five animal groups.ResultsINMT was detected in the SHAM but not in all of the ovariectomized rats. Seven proteins (PPIA, AKR1C3, ALDH2, PSME2, BUCS1, OTC, and GAMT) were identified to have differential expression among the groups. When compared to the SHAM group, the ovariectomy elevated the levels of PPIA, BUCS1, PSME2, AKR1C3, and GAMT while decreasing ALDH2 and OTC. Among these OVX-induced changes, OVX-increased BUCS1 and GAMT levels were noticeably decreased by ISO or EXE and further greatly down-regulated by ISO + EXE. In the case of PSME2, ISO and EXE further increased OVX-upregulated expression levels but ISO + EXE greatly reduced OVX-increased levels. On the other hand OVX-lowered OTC levels were elevated by ISO, EXE, or ISO + EXE. The protein levels of ALDH2, PPIA, and AKR1C3 were not significantly reverted by ISO, EXE or ISO + EXE.ConclusionThe combination of an isoflavone diet and exercise partly reversed ovariectomy-induced changes in hepatic protein expression levels. Our data suggest that the combinatory regimen of isoflavone supplementation and exercise may be beneficial to menopausal women through modulating hepatic protein expression profiles.
Highlights
Postmenopausal women experience adverse physiological changes caused by estrogen deprivation
We identified eight differentially expressed proteins, which were spot number 5503 (Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase, INMT), 8203 (Cyclophilin A/peptidylprolyl isomerase A, PPIA), 3607, 5701, 8002 (3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, AKR1C3), 6601, 9401
Our proteomic data suggest that ovariectomy-induced changes in hepatic protein expression can be modulated by isoflavone supplementation or exercise
Summary
Postmenopausal women experience adverse physiological changes caused by estrogen deprivation. Postmenopausal women experience physiological changes related to estrogen deprivation. Decreased circulating estrogen levels have shown to be associated with menopausal metabolic syndrome with increasing adiposity [1]. While providing protective effects against the loss of estrogen, isoflavones delivered some level of protection against hormoneresponsive diseases such as breast and prostate cancers [11]. The frequent consumption of soy products, which are rich in isoflavones, has been shown to be related with a lower prevalence of breast cancer [12]. In addition to providing estrogen-like activity, the high intake of dietary isoflavone reduced the risks of developing metabolic disorders including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity compared to the high intake of animal products [13,14,15,16]. Postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes who received dietary isoflavone supplementation showed significantly reduced fasting insulin levels, indicating improvement in their insulin resistance [17]
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