Abstract
This study was carried out to provide a novel solution to treat drinking water at household levels, specifically removing arsenic (As) and faecal coliforms (microbes). In the current investigation, a synergistic iron-loaded zeolites and ozonation process (O3/Fe-ZA) was used for the first time in a modified batch reactor to remove coliform bacteria and arsenic in tap water. Moreover, the study utilizes the human health risk assessment model to confirm the health risk due to As intake in drinking water. The risk assessment study revealed a health risk threat among the residents suffering from the adverse effects of As through its intake in drinking water. Furthermore, the results also suggested that the O3/Fe-ZA process significantly removes faecal coliforms and As, when compared with single ozonation processes. Additionally, the ozone dose 0.2 mg/min and Fe-ZA dose of 10 g (in the O3/Fe-ZA process) gives the maximum removal efficiency of 100% within 15 min for faecal coliform removal. In 30 min, the removal efficiency of 88.4% was achieved at the ozone dose of 0.5 mg/min and 93% removal efficiency was achieved using 10 g Fe-ZA for the removal of As in the O3/Fe-ZA process. Hence, it was concluded that the O3/Fe-ZA process may be regarded as an effective method for removing faecal coliforms and As from drinking water compared to the single ozonation processes.
Highlights
The results reveal Coliforms that when water samples were subjected to different ozonation processes (Figure 6), 100% removal efficiency was achieved with O3 process in 15 min
The central issue of concern is As and faecal coliforms in Lahore’s studied areas and suggests that residents are at risk of suffering from the adverse effects of the long-term intake of As and faecal coliforms in drinking water
The synergic process (O3 /Fe-ZA) effectively inactivated faecal coliforms from drinking water compared with single processes, where MPN/100 mL was found to be “0” for all treated samples with O3 /Fe-ZA process
Summary
Water is essential for human survival but for all living beings. Due to rising numbers of the human population and urban expansion, the freshwater resources are under great strain. It is a challenge to supply safe drinking water to urban areas [1]. It is estimated that globally about 1.1 billion people are deprived of an abundant supply of water. About 675 million people do not have access to improved drinking water resources in Asia [1]. Millions of people from poverty-stricken countries expire every year due to water-related diseases. In the context of an increase in population and water
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