Abstract
Simple SummaryAnecdotal comments of some trainers suggest that exercise on a water treadmill (WT), due to the greater difficulty of movement in water compared to air, increases muscularization and sports performance. Therefore, we studied accelerometric changes in six horses exercised for 40 min on a WT, comparing four situations: without water (DT) and with water at the depth of fetlock (FET), carpus (CAR), at 6 km/h and at the depth of the stifle (STF) at 5 km/h. Another five horses performed the same sessions, but all of them at 5 km/h. We observed that total power (TP) increased from depth DT to FET and CAR, without additional increases at STF depth when the velocity was the same at all depths. However, when the velocity was reduced to 5 km/h, TP decreased at the STF depth. Significant increases in dorsoventral power and dorsoventral displacement (movement of the center of gravity in up-down direction) increased with water depth and velocity. In conclusion, TP during an exercise session on a WT depends on both velocity and water depth, and this power is mainly directed towards the dorsoventral axis. These results should be taken into account when designing a training or rehabilitation plan.Horse trainers often claim that exercise on a water treadmill (WT) leads to a greater muscle power and development compared to terrestrial locomotion, because of the greater viscosity of water compared to air. This research assesses locomotor changes measured with accelerometers fixed in the pectoral region and in the sacrum midline in six horses subjected to exercise sessions of 40 min duration on a WT without water (DT), and with water at the depth of fetlock (FET) and carpus (CAR) with velocities of 6 km/h and at the depth of stifle (STF) at 5 km/h. Another five horses performed the same exercise sessions but always with a velocity of 5 km/h. Total power increased from DT to FET and CAR, without significant differences between CAR and STF depths when the velocity was the same. However, a significant decrease was found when the velocity was reduced. The greater total power with water was distributed mainly to the dorsoventral axis, with significant increases in dorsoventral displacement and dorsoventral power. Both parameters were significantly affected by velocity and water depth. In conclusion, total and dorsoventral powers increased with velocity and water depth, leading to reduction in longitudinal and mediolateral power, during exercise on a WT.
Highlights
The availability of different systems to exercise horses in the water, such as swimming pools and water treadmills (WTs), has increased in recent years with their increasing popularity, seeing them used in training and in rehabilitation centers worldwide
Three main hypotheses were proposed: first, due to the greater viscosity of the water compared to air, the horses would need to make a greater effort to move forward, and total power (TP) would increase with the depth of the water; second, this increase in TP would lead to a redistribution into the three body axes, with a more marked increase in DVP and dorsoventral displacement (DVD), because of the greater flexion of the distal joints of the limbs [10]; and third, as a direct consequence of the results shown by King et al [8,9] regarding gait stability, we hypothesized that exercise on a WT at deeper depths would improve stride SYM and REG
We found that exercise on a WT led to significant increases in DVD and DVP with water depth compared to DT
Summary
The availability of different systems to exercise horses in the water, such as swimming pools and water treadmills (WTs), has increased in recent years with their increasing popularity, seeing them used in training and in rehabilitation centers worldwide. To the authors’ best knowledge, there is only one published article that describes how, when and why WTs are used for sport horses [1]. Training was the main use of the WT (60% of the use), followed by rehabilitation (40%). The most important positive changes highlighted by the owners after the use of the WT were enhanced performance (77%) and improved strength and muscle development (38%). The authors described as a limitation of these data that the owners/riders were not asked about how they had perceived these improvements and it could have been a subjective appreciation
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