Abstract
Purpose Visual-motor integration is a good indicator of a child's overall developmental and functional level. This study investigated the combined effects of virtual reality (VR) and computer game-based cognitive therapy on the development of visual-motor integration in children with intellectual disabilities. Methods The study used a single-group pre-post study design and 13 children with intellectual disabilities who were recruited from a community rehabilitation center participated in the study. We used the Wii VR video game and the CoTras computer game to deliver cognitive therapy over 12 sessions. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) was used to evaluate motor function related to visual-motor integration to identify changes in function, and the Developmental Test of Visual Perception-2 (DTVP-2) was used to assess changes in visual perception function associated with visual-motor integration. Results The VR and computer game-based cognitive therapy has shown significant difference in total standard score of BOT-2 associated with visual-motor integration representing improved motor function (p < 0.01). Comparison of the DTVP-2 scores showed the significant difference in visual-motor integration of spatial relation and visual-motor speed (p < 0.05), motor-reduced visual perception (p < 0.01), and general visual perception (p < 0.01). Conclusions Results of this study provide useful evidence supporting the possibility of combined VR and computer game-based cognitive therapy for children with intellectual disabilities.
Highlights
Neurodevelopmental disorders are classified into ten categories: intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, global developmental delay, communication disorders, specific learning disorders, developmental coordination disorders, stereotypical movement disorders, tic disorders, and Tourette’s syndrome
The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) was used to evaluate motor function related to visual-motor integration to identify changes in function and the Developmental Test of Visual Perception-2 (DTVP-2) was used to assess changes in visual perception function associated with visual-motor integration (Figure 1)
Visual motor integration that emphasized motor function was evaluated as BOT-2, and visual motor integration that emphasized visual perception function was evaluated as DTVP-2
Summary
Neurodevelopmental disorders are classified into ten categories: intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, global developmental delay, communication disorders, specific learning disorders, developmental coordination disorders, stereotypical movement disorders, tic disorders, and Tourette’s syndrome. Among these disorders, the highest rates are seen for intellectual disability and ASD. Previous studies have shown that intellectual disabilities manifest through deficits in working memory [3], perceptual performance [4, 5], and fine and gross motor skills [6]. Visual-motor integration in individuals with intellectual disability is
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